Sultanate of Manila
(World of Sultans)
Kesultanan Seludong
كسولتانن سلوروڠ
Sultanate of Manila
1571–1760
Capital Manila
Official language Tagalog, Malay, Arabic, Spanish
Religion Islam
Government Sultanate, Rajahnate
Sultan
- 1571-1575 Rajah Sulayman
- 1575-1579 Rajah Sulayman II
- 1579-1614 Hassanal Sulayman
- 1614-1640 Qasim Abdullah
- 1640-1690 Safar ud-Din (Enrique)
- 1690-1760 Esmael (Carlos)
Historical era Spanish Colonial Era
- Treaty between
Tondo and Spain 1571
- Integrated into the
Spanish Empire, and decline of Islam in Manila 1760
Currency peso
Today part of Flag of the Philippines Philippines
The Sultanate of Manila (Jawi: كسولتانن سلوروڠ
Kesultanan Selurong, Arabic: سلطنة
مانيلا Sultanat Manila,
Tagalog: Kasultanan ng Maynila, Spanish: Sultanato de Manila) was the period of
Muslim rule in what is now Manila, the capital of the Republic of the
Philippines and the areas south of the Pasig River since the reign of Rajah
Sulayman from 1571-1575 to the reign of Don Carlos Safaruddin from 1698-1760.
Rajah Sulayman signed a treaty with Spain, allowing the
Sultanate to exist as a special autonomous province within New Spain while he
ceded some control to Spain, what would become the Province of Manila which
became a Christian area.
The sultanate was ruled by Rajah Sulayman's descendants.
Although referred to as a "sultanate", its rulers never extensively
used the term, retaining the titles "rajah" and "datu"
almost extensively, as seen with Rajah Sulayman II (not to be mistaken for
Ache). The term "sultan" first fell into use by Rajah Sulayman's
grandson Hassanal Sulayman who is presumably considered the first true
"Sultan" of Manila, and used extensively by the fifth sultan Lakan
Malik-Salamat.
Sultanate of Manila is also often associated with the
Islamic Rajahnate of Manila, which the Malay name "Selurong" first
appears which why some historians argue that Rajah Sulayman was the first
sultan.
History
Rajahnate of Maynila
Manila was one of three major city-states that dominated the
area by the lower reaches and mouth of the Pasig River before the arrival of
Spanish colonizers in the 16th century. It is the site of present-day Manila,
the capital of the Republic of the Philippines. The early inhabitants of the
present-day Manila engaged in trade relations with its Asian neighbors as well
as with the Hindu empires of Java and Sumatra, as confirmed by archaeological
findings. Trade ties between China became extensive by the 10th century, while
contacts with Arab merchants reached its peak in the 12th century. During the
reign of Sultan Bolkiah (1485–1521) the Kingdom of Brunei decided to break the
Kingdom of Tondo's monopoly in the Chinese trade by attacking Tondo and
establishing the city-state of Seludong as a Bruneian satellite. This is
narrated through Tausug and Malay royal histories, where the names Seludong,
Saludong or Selurong are used to denote Manila prior to colonization. Islam was
introduced when Salila, Maynila's ruler converted to Islam and adopted Islamic
politics and changing his name from Rajah Salila, to Rajah Sulayman.
Spanish Colonialization
In the mid-16th century, the areas of present-day Manila
were governed by native rajahs. Rajah Matanda (whose real name was recorded by
the Legaspi expedition as Ache) and his nephew, Rajah Sulayman ("Rajah
Mura" or "Rajah Muda" (a Sanskrit and Malay title for a Prince),
ruled the Muslim communities south of the Pasig River, including the Kingdom of
Maynila, while Rajah Lakandula ruled the Kingdom of Tondo north of the
river. These settlements held ties with
the sultanates of Brunei, Sulu, and Ternate in Indonesia. Juan de Salcedo and
Martin de Goiti battled with Rajah Sulayman's Muslim armies for control of the
Pasig River. The Muslims of Luzon actively resisted conversion attempts to
Roman Catholicism as had those of Mindanao. As a result of latter treaty after
the battles, Sulayman allowed Spanish colonists access to his domain but he
prevented and halted Spanish missionaries.
Partition of Manila
The areas of the Pasig River were divided among Sulayman and
the Spanish colonists. The Muslim settlements of the southern Pasig River were
given control to Rajah Sulayman while the north became Spanish territory. It
was divided into a Muslim-controlled Manila and a Spanish Christian-controlled
Manila where Spanish missionaries converted the natives to Roman Catholicism.
Sulayman's kingdom was established as an autonomous province within New Spain.
Malay remained the language of the Muslim-controlled Manila.
The Sulayman Dynasty
The Royal Salakót, or the "Sulayman Salakót"
inlaid with silver worn by the other sultans of Manila and major nobility of
the Sulayman Dynasty.
The Muslim rule of Manila was controlled by Rajah Sulayman's
descendants, who most with the exception of the last two rulers resisted
marriages to Spanish colonists or conversion to Roman Catholicism.
Reign of Hassanal Sulayman 1579-1614
Rajah Sulayman married a Malay princess by the name of
Nirmala and bore three children, two females and one son. Sulayman rejected an
order from Spanish authorities to give up his daughters to be wed to Spanish
Christians and converted to Christianity and sent them to Sulu for safety
knowing that an armed standoff was possible. According to folklore, Lakan Dula
also made a salakót (traditional Tagalog headdress) inlaid with silver and gave
it to Rajah Sulayman as a gift to be passed on to his descendants as an
heirloom and would become the symbol of power and authority used by Manila's
sultans.
He named after himself too and only the sultan was given the right to
wear it. Sulayman forged a Malay and Sulu-style sword known as a kris and would
make in an heirloom, it was made with copper, steel and silver.
In 1579, Rajah Sulayman
gave up the throne to his son Rajah Sulayman II who married a Tagalog Muslim
and gave birth to Hassanal Sulayman who took the throne in 1600. Sulayman
further strengthened Islam's foothold in Manila, and barred Spanish culture or
influence from coming south into the Pasig River. Hassanal banned entrants ot
Catholic and Jesuit missionaries from preaching to the Muslim communities and
sent native armies and a naval force to patrol the Pasig River. Spanish
soldiers launched a campaign to take the southern Pasig River in 1605, their
attack was largely repulsed.
In 1608, Hassanal Sulayman's armies thwarted
another Spanish invasion and threatened to invaded Spanish Manila if
conquistadors did not cease their attempts to sack Manila's Muslims. In 1610,
the Spanish army launched a final large offensive in the Pasig River,
vanquishing Hassanal Sulayman's naval forces stationed there. Sulayman himself
was killed in the battle as Spanish forces advanced to attack the Muslim towns.
Reign of Qasim Abdullah 1614-1640
In 1614, Prince Abdullah bin Sulayman became the sultan but
there no time for a formal coronation as Spanish forces were approaching and
commencing the sack of Manila. Abdullah quickly received the Sword of Sulayman
that his father used to fight the Spaniards from a survivor. Abdullah bin
Sulayman thwarted Spain's invasion by using burning rocks and archers
Moro kris sword
The kris sword used by the Sulayman sultans, also known as
"Sulayman's Kris" or "Sword of Sulayman" causing conquistadors to flee back to the Spanish-controlled
Manila. In 1616, Abdullah launched a campaign to invade northern Manila but his
invasion was repulsed by the use of Christian converted-natives.
In 1618, archers fired burning arrows into villages of
northern Manila. Spanish forces tried to invade the Muslim Manila but their
attack were reduced by Abdullah's naval army on the Pasig River. Although
pushed back on land, that is where Abdullah defeated Spanish forces and signed
the Pasig Treaty.
Abdullah took the name "Qasim" which meant
"protector" in Arabic, or sometimes "Kaseem". His
coronation also took place during that time, along with a proper burial
ceremony for his deceased father. Qasim also received his father's royal
Sulayman Salakót, which was placed on his head upon his proper coronation as
sultan. Qasim Abdullah implemented new reforms into the kingdom, including the
usage of Arabic as a state language. He also barred the Spanish language, and
threatened to arrest Spanish speakers although only a few diplomats were permitted
to use the language.
Reign of Safar ud-Din (Don Enrique) 1640-1690
Qasim Abdullah's son, Safar ud-Din was coronated in 1640
when Qasim passed away, the royal salakót and the kris sword was passed on to
him. Safar ud-Din would become Manila's longest-reigning and one of the more
distinct and influential sultans.
He was born in 1620 during Qasim's reign, and was educated
at an Islamic school in British Malaya where he learned Arabic and mastery of
the Qu'ran. He father communicate to him in Malay and Arabic and became sultan
when his father passed away of old age in 1640.
Safar ud-Din accepted the Spanish friendship and designated
Spanish as an official language. He married a Sulu princess by the name of
Maryam and had four daughters and two sons. Safar ud-Din permitted Christian
missionaries into the Pasig River in 1655 and pursued rebels who tried to stop
them along with Spanish aid. He also allowed three of his four daughters to be
wed to Spanish colonists and converted to Roman Catholicism. In 1670, he
himself requested to be baptized as a Roman Catholic, celebrating a full Easter
Holy Week before being fully baptized as a Roman Catholic on Eastern Sunday
under the name Enrique and took the title Don Enrique. That year, the
provincial governor of Spanish Manila was murdered by Muslim militant groups.
Spanish soldiers and the sultan's armies defeated them in collaboration with
Christian natives of the north.
The Spanish Crown was so astounded that they granted Enrique
the right to become provincial governor, a high honorary rank that was not
normally available to the native nobility. In 1690, Enrique Safaruddin decided
he was too old to govern and abdicated the throne to his son Carlos de Enrique
y Safaruddin or Don Carlos.
Safar ud-Din of Manila (World of Sultans)
Safar ud-Din (Enrique
Safaruddin) سافارو الدين الكاسيم
Sultan of Manila
Provincial Governor
of Manila
Reign 1640-1680, 1670-1690
Coronation 1640
Full name Safar ud-Din al-Qasim
(Later: Enrique de
Safaruddín y Alkázim)
Baptism 1667
Born 1620
Birthplace Manila, Philippines
Died 1698
Place of death Manila, Philippines
Predecessor Qasim Abdullah bin Sulaiman
Successor Don Carlos
Wife Maryam of Sulu
Royal House House of Manila
House of Tondo
Dynasty Sulayman Dynasty
Religious beliefs Islam
(briefly Roman
Catholicism)
Safar ud-Din al-Qasim bin Sulaiman (Arabic: صفر الدين القاسم
بن سليمان) or Safaruddin Alkaseem
Anak Sulayman (Jawi: سافارو
الدين الكاسيم انق سوليم)
and later Don Enrique de Safaruddín y Alkázim (Enrique Safaruddin in short) was
the Sixth Sultan of Maynila from 1640-1680 and the Provincial Governor of
Manila from 1670-1690, the longest reigning sultan of Manila.
Unlike the other sultans, Safaruddin embraced the Spanish
colonial people and even gave three of his daughters to be wed to Spanish
provincial governors. In 1660, he converted to Christianity under the name
Enrique, though conflicting evidence suggests he reverted to Islam shortly
before abdicating as his children were recorded as being Muslims.
He was also the first native to ever become a provincial
governor, an extremely high rank not available to the other members of the
native nobility.
Childhood
Safar ud-Din al-Qasim was born of the Rajah Sulayman
dynasty, to Datu Qasim Abdullah bin Sulaiman, the fifth sultan of Manila in
1620. Although most of Sulayman's descendants used the terms "rajah"
and "datu" almost extensively (referred to as "Indian
sultans" by Spanish colonists), Qasim was the first to officially adopt
the title sultan and more often brought Sunni and Orthodox Islamic practices
into Manila, using Arabic personal names rather than Tagalog or Malay names and
including Arabic as an official state religion.
His dad's name "Qasim" means "protector"
in Arabic, he restricted Catholic bishops from preaching Roman Catholicism in
the Muslim settlements of the Pasig River and Manila Bay.
Safaruddin received an education in Malaysia, where he
learned prolific Malay and Arabic alongside his native Tagalog tongue and
mastery of the Qu'ran.
Reign
In 1640, Sultan Qasim passed away of old age, and Safaruddin
was enthroned as the Sixth Sultan of Manila. His grand vizier, Datu Unto sent a
letter and a 100 silver pesos to the Spanish Viceroyalty in Mexico City to get
Safaruddin's coronation recognized by the Spanish Crown.
Safaruddin also made Arabic and Spanish official state
languages along with Tagalog and Malay.
King Philip III of Spain approved of his coronation and sent
the Spanish provincial governor of Manila notice of Safaruddin's coronation. Alfonso
decreed, "Let them coronate the new Indian sultan. Much as we despite
their religion, they have paid us necessary tribute and choose to co-operate
with us, so let them practice their tradition." During the coronation, his
father's royal salakót (traditional Tagalog headdress) was placed on his head
and he also received Qasim's kris sword that he used to fight Spanish forces.
Despite being a Muslim, Safar ud-Din allowed his kris to be
blessed at a local archdiocese. The Spaniards had felt really uncomfortable,
due to the sword's history of being used to slay Spaniards and Christian
Filipinos. It was a tradition to bless the kris at a church, to
"lift"the sword's past curses and the sins it was used to commit.
In 1644, Safaruddin married a Sulu princess by the name of
Maryam. They had four daughters and two sons, Safaruddin made his youngest son,
Esmael bin Safar ud-Din to the heir to the throne.
1650, he strengthened the alliance between Spain and the
Sultanate (then Rajahnate) of Manila and Tondo. He allowed three of his
daughters to be married to the sons of Spanish provincial governors. They were
baptized as Isabela, Consuelo Legazpi y Safaruddín and Penélope Goiti y
Safaruddín during Eastern Sunday, Spanish authorities invited the sultan to
attend the wedding.
In 1655, the sultan finally permitted Christian missionaries
into the Muslim villages of the southern Pasig River which the Spanish Crown
appreciated, sending him a gift of 400 silver pesos. The missionaries worked
diligently to convert the rest of Manila's people to Roman Catholicism, which
met sporadic resistance from some Muslim groups. The sultan's army and Spanish
soldiers alike helped put down the rebellion, Sultan Safaruddin received even
more awards. By 1660, about one-third of Manila's people were converted to
Roman Catholicism and by 1667, about half of Manila's people were converted to
Roman Catholicism.
Brief Conversion to Christianity
In 1670, Safar ud-Din visited an archdiocese in Manila
during the Sunday starting Holy Week in the Catholic calendar and requested to
be baptized and introduced into the Roman Catholic faith along with his wife
Maryam of Sulu.
The priest who converted Safar ud-Din was astonished at his
timing saying, "The sultan now begins a journey as a Christian, starting
in the Holy Week."
Safar ud-Din was converted to Roman Catholicism along with
his grand-vizier and his wife but the Spanish missionaries wanted the sultan to
prove his faith by observing all of the holidays of the Holy Week before being
officially baptized and confirmed as a Catholic. The sultan and his wife
celebrated Palm Sunday that day, attended an Ash Wednesday service at a church
and mourned on Good Friday. On Eastern Sunday, he was officially baptized as a
Roman Catholic, under the name Enrique, and his full name and addressed title
became Don Enrique de Safaruddín y Alkázim, his wife was baptized as María, and
took the title Doña María Safaruddín de Manila and occasionally was noted by
her Tausug royal bloodline as Doña María de Sulu. They became part of the
Principalía, the colonial nobility that consisted of native Filipino chiefs
that converted to Roman Catholicism.
His son, Esmael bin Safar ud-Din was also converted that day
under the name Carlos de Enrique y Safaruddín
and his unmarried daughter, Zainab bint Safar ud-Din was baptized as
Alonsa. She was wed to a Spanish soldier and her name was changed to Alonsa
López y Enrique. His children were given free Spanish education and got to join
the special privileges with the other Principalía members. Later that year, the
provincial governor of Manila was assassinated by a Moro militant groups, and
they targeted the sultan next for what they believed to be apostasy. Enrique
sent Spanish and native armies and successfully pursued them as more Christian
missionaries entered the Pasig River to convert the Muslim settlements.
The Spanish Crown granted
Enrique Safaruddin the honor to become the new provincial governor of
Manila, an extremely high rank that was not available to other Principalía
members.
In a letter from the Spanish Viceroyalty it read, "The
sultan has become a favorite of God, it is our honor to present him with the
right to control all of Manila." Enrique Safaruddin worked to bring an end
to hostilities between the Christians and the remaining Muslim regions of the
Pasig River.
Return to Islam
Enrique Safaruddin did not remain a Roman Catholic, and
returned to Islam at some point before his abdication. Despite the written
evidence of his conversation to Catholicism, his name was not found in the
Libro de los Conversos, a book written by various Spanish clergy recording all
of the Philippine inhabitants that converted to Catholicism and their former
faiths.
In addition, a letter was found between two Muslim chiefs,
written in Jawi which when translated into English, read, "The sultan of
Manila has returned to Allah, from the faith of the pagan heathens
(Catholicism). Long live Sultan Safar Uddin, son of Kasim."
However, a conflicting account written by Dominican friar
and close friend of Enrique stated, "The man was born worshipping the
blasphemous ways of the Moors, but he grew old and died as a righteous follower
of Christ."
In 2016, an Arabic-language document sealed the evidence for
his reversion to Islam, with his signature.
Abdication
He controlled Manila from his palace and his throne while he
gave the provincial administration to his son Carlos Safaruddin. In 1690,
Enrique grew of old age and believed tha he was too old to govern. At that
point, he altogether abdicated the throne to his son Carlos Safaruddin, who was
coronated as Don Carlos on his birthday. Occasionally, Carlos still used the
title "sultan", presumably becoming the last one of Manila. In
addition, he was recorded as being Muslim by many prominents as Enrique did not
keep his Roman Catholic faith and returned to Islam.
A Spanish-Filipino mestizo author from the area, who claimed
to have met Carlos stated, "The man, who addressed himself as Carlos, was
the Muslim king of Manila at the time. He succeeded his father, Enrique, as the
King of Manila."
Some Spanish friars referred to Carlos as "El Sultán
Indio Nuevo" which means "The New Indian Sultan" in Spanish.
Carlos spoke some broken Malay and Arabic, but fluent Tagalog and Spanish, he
likely discontinued the tradition of having Malay and Arabic as Manila's
languages and adopted Spanish culture.
Don Carlos of Manila
(World of Sultans)
Carlos Safaruddin
Ruler of Manila
Chief of the Southern
Barangays
Reign 1690-1739
Coronation 1690
Full name Esmael bin Safar ud-Din (later
Carlos de Enrique y Safaruddin)
Titles El Sultán Indio Nuevo, Cabeza de las
Barangays Sur
Baptism 1670
Born 1654
Birthplace Manila, Philippines
Died Unknown
Predecessor Safar ud-Din (Enrique)
Successor Juan de Carlos
Wife Carrola López
Royal House House of Manila
House of Tondo
Dynasty Sulayman Dynasty
Religious beliefs Islam
(briefly Roman
Catholicism)
Esmael bin Safar ud-Din (Jawi: سافارو الدين
انق اسماعيل, Arabic: اسماعيل بن صفر
الدين), also known by
Rajah Muda Ismail and later Carlos de Enrique y Safaruddin or Carlos Safaruddin
in short, was the seventh and last ruler and sultan[1] of Manila, and the
youngest son of Safar ud-Din and the chosen heir to the throne, the sixth
sultan of Manila who was baptized as Enrique Safaruddin.
In 1690, he was coronated as Don Carlos, the new ruler of
Manila. He returned to Islam and continued to uphold the Islamic faith within
the Sulayman family, it is unknown of what happened to his children and his
direct descendants as no religious records on them could be found or attained.
It is for his reason that some historians label him as being the last Muslim
ruler of Manila.
Childhood
Carlos was born in Manila on 1654 as Esmael bin Safar
ud-Din, of Tagalog and Tausug descent. His father, Sultan Safar ud-Din was a
Tagalog Muslim of the Rajah Sulayman Dynasty and his mother, Maryam was a Sulu
princess that married his father.
His father was known for making many reforms within the
sultanate, and accepted Spanish friendship and allowed Christian missionaries
into the Muslim settlements of the Pasig River and Esmael made frequent
contacts with these Christian missionaries.
He also learned to speak the Spanish language fluently.
Reign
In 1680, the provincial governer of Manila was killed due to
an attack by Moros from Mindanao and Carlos's father was next. However, the
Sultan successfuly pursued the armies with Spanish aid. The Spanish authorities
granted his father the position as provincial governer, an honorary rank that
was not normally available ot the other native rulers. Although his father
retained his imperial power, he wanted to let Carlos experience political
control as he was aging so he gave the administrative powers to Carlos who
became his acting provincial governor.
In 1690, Enrique Safaruddin abdicated the throne to Carlos.
During his royal coronation, Carlos received his father's royal salakót (a
traditional Tagalog headress), which had been worn by the past sultans of
Manila believed to have been passed to Rajah Sulayman and his descendants from
Lakan Dula, and his kris sword. Although Enrique Safaruddin was an exempt
provincial governor, Spanish authorites did not permit Carlos Safaruddin to
become provincial governor, as it was handed over to Spanish nobilities but
they did let him retain governing powers over the barangays and cities south of
the Pasig River while the Spanish directly controlled the north.
Like his father, Carlos Safaruddin embraced Spanish
influence and made Spanish an official language in Manila, a language that his
paternal grandfather, Qasim Abdullah the fourth sultan of Manila barred from
becoming official in the Muslim kingdom.
Conversion to Christianity
On Vigil Eastern Week in 1670, Sultan Safar ud-Din and his
wife converted to Christianity, under the names Enrique and María as well as
his sister Zainab. The family fully observed Easter Week, celebrated Palm
Sunday putting palms around the palace to protect themselves from angry Muslim
attackers, getting black crosses ashed on their heads on Ash Wednesday, and
mourned on Good Friday. He was finally fully baptized on Easter Sunday, his
father took the name Enrique and he took the name Carlos Safaruddin y Ismael.
Marriage
The rewards of Enrique Safaruddin's fruits passed on to
Carlos Safaruddin. The provincial governer of Manila bethrothed his daughter,
Carrola López as a reward for his father's good works to the Spanish authority.
They had two sons, Fernando and Juan and two daughters, Consuelo and Sandra.
Carlos was the last ruler of Manila to ever use the title "sultan"
and after his reign, the autonomy of Muslim Manila ceased to exist as more
Muslims converted to Roman Catholicism except for a small community in what is
today's Quiapo district in Manila. He passed the title "Cabeza de las
Barangays Sur" or "Chief of the Southern Barangays" to his
youngest son Juan de Carlos, giving him the royal salakót, and his older
brother Fernando de Carlos his kris sword and divided the control of the Pasig
barangays between the two.
Return to Islam
Like his father Enrique, most historians had agreed that
Carlos was a nominal and devout Roman Catholic. However, contesting evidence
has begun to show that Carlos spent only a year at most in the Roman Catholic
faith, and later reverted to Islam with Enrique, and continued to uphold the
Islamic faith unto his death like his father.
There are some theories as to how Carlos ended up continuing
to follow Islam. Many historians claim that he converted at the same time his
father did, following his moves just like when he was converted to Roman
Catholicism. However, other historians argue that Carlos had actually returned
to Islam on his own, after spending some time in the Andalusian East Indies, in
the Sulu Archipelago to be specific.
In 1672, a British travellor to Manila by the name of Alfred
Thomas wrote, "The native ruler of Manila, addressed himself as Enrique.
Enrique was the Mohammaden king of Manila. His son introduced himself to me as
Rajah Mooda [sic] Ismail, however his Spanish name was Carlos."
At the time, Muslims were referred to as Mohammadens in the
English-speaking world. It is note that Rajaha Mooda was the incorrect spelling
of the Malay and Southeast Asian term Rajah Muda, a title used by Malay and
Southeast Asian Muslim nobility for male descendants of the king or current
ruler.
Thomas explicitly described Enrique and Carlos as being
Muslims. He stated, "Enrique, Carlos and that entire royal family were as
Mohammaden as you can get. They did not eat pork and prayed five teams a day
facing the city of Mecca."
Thomas also describes the Sulayman family as wearing attire
similar to those he had seen in Indonesia, Malaysia and Bangsamoro.
He describes, "The current living patriarch of that
family, the sultan of Manila, Enrique, wore a skirt. Up at his head, he wore a
cap adorned with silver and gold. Other times, he wore a pointed hat inlaid
with silver, what they called the salacot, which apparently was an heirloom of
that family. In addition, he had a sword, which bore a blade that was wavy in
pattern, holstered around his waist. His son, wore a similar clothing, and
adorned a crown inlaid with silver. They followed a culture and way of life,
very similar to the Mohammaden kings I encountered Mindanao, Sulu, Borneo,
Sumatra and Java.
In 1702, long after Enrique's passing, a disgusted and
angered Spanish Jesuit wrote, "What? We have a Moor in charge of Manila? I
thought we've long rid our empire of those savages."
The Spaniards referred to the Muslims of the Philippine
Archipelago as Moors, or Moros. At that time, Enrique was the Ruler of Manila,
and barangay chief.
It is also to note that at this time, more liberal
Governor-Generals of the Philippines had allowed Muslims to become part of the
Principalía without converting to Roman Catholicism, as long as they showed
loyalty to the Spanish Crown and surrendered all their territorial sovereignty.
This is exemplified by the Principalía de Quiapo, an elite faction of the
Principalía that consisted predominantly of Muslims.
It has been suggested that Carlos' father Enrique had simply
converted to Roman Catholicism briefly to gain political prestige of some sort.
In addition, Don Carlos also made extensive relations and
friendships with the Moro sultans of the Andalusian East Indies.
Other titles
Carlos Safaruddin was also addressed by several other
titles, his main title after being converted to Catholicism was "Don
Carlos Safaruddin". Some an in fact many, mostly Spanish friars not aware
of his conversion and Catholic converts from Islam continued to address him as
"sultan" - making him the last sultan of Manila since his reign was
the last time the title was ever used for a native ruler of Manila. They often
gave him the moniker "El Sultán Indio Nuevo" which in English translates
to "The New Indian (native) Sultan".
Muslim historians do not consider Carlos the last sultan,
moving it to Qasim Abdullah since both and his father Enrique were Roman
Catholic converts.
There is evidence that pointed out that Don Carlos still
tried to revive Islam in Manila's culture, practicing an Islamic-influenced
form of Roman Catholicism, similar to the Catholicism practiced by the Moriscos
(Moorish converts to Christianity) after the Spanish conquest of the Moors. For
example, some Spanish documents recorded that Don Carlos de Enrique not allow
farmers to raise pigs, or sell swine meat and also prohibited wine sales and
also served feasts of sweet foods during Eid al-Fitr and fasted on Ramadan
suggesting that while he was a Roman Catholic by faith he remained a practicing
Muslim and that at some point he even reverted to Islam. Some theorize suggest
altogether that he suffered an identity crisis, and struggled to choose between
either the Christian or Islamic faiths. When he travelled to Cavite, he was
often called "El Sultán Musulmán-Católico" or "The
Muslim-Catholic Sultan". When he paid a visit to Cavite's Principalia
members, he was called "Carlos El Moro-Cristiano" or Carlos the
Christian-Moor (Christian-Moor in this context used to refer to a person of
Muslim and Christian faith, not a Moorish convert to Christianity or a
Morisco). Carlos de Enrique died around 1760, but it is obscure. In one of the
Tausug documents, it records,
"On the holy month of Ramadan in 1760, a Tagalog
Christian ruler - whose father had also been a sultan of Manila, with a Tausug
mother came to our land and requested to re-admitted into the Islamic faith, an
undoing of his father's earlier actions of adopting the Paganism that the
colonists have introduced." This can be attributed to Carlos. Whether he
died a Muslim or Christian, his descendants were not Muslims which initially
ended Islam's presence in Manila.
Nur Misuari, the former sultan of the Bangsamoro Kingdom,
disagrees with the entire "Christian and Muslim" idea. During the time
of his reign, he stated, "You are either a Muslim or a Christian, no ifs,
and's or but's about it. You cannot be both, Carlos became a Muslim once more
after coming to Sulu and realizing his father's mistake."
Reign of Carlos de Enrique 1690-1760
The reign of Safar ud-Din's son, Carlos de Enrique y
Safaruddin was a controversial one although his reign was straight-forward. He
was born as Esmael bin Safar ud-Din and was converted to Roman Catholicism the
same day his father was, taking the name Carlos.
As usual, when Carlos de Enrique was coronated as Manila's
ruler, he received the salakót and the kris. Although he was a Roman Catholic
(converted from Islam), he occasionally still used the Islamic noble title
"sultan", which is why is regarded in some aspects to be the last
sultan of Manila since his descendants made no use or mention the title. Some
Spanish friars even referred to him by the moniker "El Sultán Indio
Nuevo" or "The New Indian (native) Sultan". Carlos de Enrique
himself used the title "Cabeza de las Barangays Sur" or "Chief
of the Southern Barangays" since the native position of provincial
governer was confined to Enrique.
Because he was a Roman Catholic, Muslim historians believe
the Sultanate of Manila to have ended in 1670, when Safar ud-Din and Esmael
converted to Roman Catholicism as Enrique and Carlos. Carlos de Enrique did
pass his ancestors' heirlooms to his children, he gave the salakót to his
youngest son Juan de Carlos and the kris sword to his eldest son Fernando de
Carlos and is unknown of whether they ever did anything with them. The
heirlooms were later found in a chest near the Pasig River and displayed in the
national museum in Manila.
However, there is evidence that pointed out that Enrique de
Carlos still tried to revive Islam in Manila's culture. For example, some
Spanish documents recorded that Don Juan de Carlos did not allow farmers to
raise pigs, or sell swine meat and also prohibited wine sales and also served
feasts of sweet foods during Eid al-Fitr and fasted on Ramadan suggesting that
while he was a Roman Catholic by faith he remained a practicing Muslim and some
point out that he even reverted to Islam giving him a dual-religious status as
both Muslim and Catholic. This suggests that he had a difficult time deciding
which faith to accept. When he travelled to Cavite, he was often called
"El Sultán Musulmán-Católico" or "The Muslim-Catholic
Sultan". When he paid a visit to Cavite's Principalia members, he was
called "Carlos El Moro-Cristiano" or Carlos the Christian-Moor
(Christian-Moor in this context used to refer to a person of Muslim and
Christian faith, not a Moorish convert to Christianity or a Morisco). Carlos de
Enrique died around 1760, but it is obscure. In one of the Tausug documents, it
records:
"In the holy month of Ramadan in 1760, a Tagalog
Christian ruler - whose father had also been a sultan of Manila, with a Tausug
mother came to our land and requested to be re-admitted into the Islamic faith,
an undoing of his father's earlier actions of adopting the Paganism that the
colonists have introduced." This can be attributed to Carlos. Whether he
died a Muslim or Christian, his descendants were not Muslims which initially
ended Islam's presence in Manila.
Don Juan of Manila
(World of Sultans)
Don Juan Carlos
Cabeza de Barangay
Santa Cruz
Chief of the Southern
Barangays
Reign 1716-1718 (as Southern Barangay Chief)
1718-unknown (as
Santa Cruz barangay chief)
Coronation 1716
Full name Juan Carlos y Enrique
Baptism 1711
Successor Hernán Colón
Consort to Rosalía Lorenzo
Royal House House of Manila
House of Tondo
Dynasty Sulayman Dynasty
House of Bourbon
Religious beliefs Roman Catholicism
Juan Carlos y Enrique sometimes known by Juan de Carlos was
the leader of the barangays south of the Pasig River from 1716-1718, and later
the cabeza (chief leader) of the Santa Cruz barangay.
He is descended from the Sulayman Dynasty, a Muslim dynasty
that ruled Manila. His father, Carlos Safaruddin was the seventh sultan of
Manila.
Childhood
Juan contains Tagalog, Tausūg, Spanish and Malay origin and
Spanish origin. He was born to Don Carlos Safaruddin and Carrola López in
Manila on 1710, the site of the former sultanate and today the capital of the
Philippines with an older brother Fernando. The sultanate had ended around his
father's reign over the barangays south of the Pasig River which were once
thriving Muslim settlements.
his father, Carlos Safurddin was the seventh and last
presumed-Sultan of Manila and his mother, Carrola López was a Spanish noble
born in the Philippines.
He and his brother were born Roman Catholics and baptized
inside the San Augustin Church in Manila.
On 1739, his father abdicated the throne and passed the
governing powers of the southern barangays to him and his older brother
Fernando de Carlos. He received his father's silver-inlaid Sulayman Salakot, a
traditional Tagalog-headdress that had been worn by his forefathers who were
ruling sultans of Manila (starting from Rajah Sulayman) and his father's kris
sword was given to his older brother Fernando, which also forged by Rajah
Sulayman was given to the sultans of Manila and was used to fight the Spanish
conquistadors until the reign of their grandfather Enrique Safaruddin, the
sixth sultan of Manila. This symbolized the skills and strengths of each, while
Juan who received the salakot took care of diplomatic affairs in Manila, his
brother took lead of the city's native police force since he had the kris
sword.
In 1760, his father disappeared and was presumed to have
went to Sulu and his mother and maternal grandparents took care of him in
Manila. He was educated by Spanish priests and friars. Since his father's
departure to his unknown faith, the Spanish authorities finally restricted the
amount of control that members of the Sulayman Dynasty had, he and Fernando's
governing powers were each limited to one barangay however since they were part
of the Principales, they were allowed to keep their special privileges of
wealth and education and were permitted to keep the respective traditions of
their forefathers as he they got to continue assuming power from the throne.
Juan Carlos became the cabeza of the Santa Cruz barangay in what is today the
city of Pasig, and his brother became the Gobernadorcillo of Manila. Juan
Carlos married a mestizo, daughter of a cabeza from Macabebe by the name of
Rosalía Lorenzo. They had a daughter by the name of Catalina Carlos y Lorenzo.
Sumber : althistory.wikia.com
