Sultanate of Manila

Sultanate of Manila (World of Sultans)

Kesultanan Seludong

كسولتانن سلوروڠ

Sultanate of Manila

1571–1760

Capital  Manila

Official language               Tagalog, Malay, Arabic, Spanish

Religion                Islam

Government      Sultanate, Rajahnate

Sultan

- 1571-1575         Rajah Sulayman

- 1575-1579         Rajah Sulayman II

- 1579-1614         Hassanal Sulayman

- 1614-1640         Qasim Abdullah

- 1640-1690         Safar ud-Din (Enrique)

- 1690-1760         Esmael (Carlos)

Historical era      Spanish Colonial Era

- Treaty between Tondo and Spain          1571

- Integrated into the Spanish Empire, and decline of Islam in Manila         1760

Currency              peso

Today part of     Flag of the Philippines Philippines

The Sultanate of Manila (Jawi: كسولتانن سلوروڠ Kesultanan Selurong, Arabic: سلطنة مانيلا Sultanat Manila, Tagalog: Kasultanan ng Maynila, Spanish: Sultanato de Manila) was the period of Muslim rule in what is now Manila, the capital of the Republic of the Philippines and the areas south of the Pasig River since the reign of Rajah Sulayman from 1571-1575 to the reign of Don Carlos Safaruddin from 1698-1760.

Rajah Sulayman signed a treaty with Spain, allowing the Sultanate to exist as a special autonomous province within New Spain while he ceded some control to Spain, what would become the Province of Manila which became a Christian area.

The sultanate was ruled by Rajah Sulayman's descendants. Although referred to as a "sultanate", its rulers never extensively used the term, retaining the titles "rajah" and "datu" almost extensively, as seen with Rajah Sulayman II (not to be mistaken for Ache). The term "sultan" first fell into use by Rajah Sulayman's grandson Hassanal Sulayman who is presumably considered the first true "Sultan" of Manila, and used extensively by the fifth sultan Lakan Malik-Salamat.

Sultanate of Manila is also often associated with the Islamic Rajahnate of Manila, which the Malay name "Selurong" first appears which why some historians argue that Rajah Sulayman was the first sultan.

History

Rajahnate of Maynila

Manila was one of three major city-states that dominated the area by the lower reaches and mouth of the Pasig River before the arrival of Spanish colonizers in the 16th century. It is the site of present-day Manila, the capital of the Republic of the Philippines. The early inhabitants of the present-day Manila engaged in trade relations with its Asian neighbors as well as with the Hindu empires of Java and Sumatra, as confirmed by archaeological findings. Trade ties between China became extensive by the 10th century, while contacts with Arab merchants reached its peak in the 12th century. During the reign of Sultan Bolkiah (1485–1521) the Kingdom of Brunei decided to break the Kingdom of Tondo's monopoly in the Chinese trade by attacking Tondo and establishing the city-state of Seludong as a Bruneian satellite. This is narrated through Tausug and Malay royal histories, where the names Seludong, Saludong or Selurong are used to denote Manila prior to colonization. Islam was introduced when Salila, Maynila's ruler converted to Islam and adopted Islamic politics and changing his name from Rajah Salila, to Rajah Sulayman.

Spanish Colonialization

In the mid-16th century, the areas of present-day Manila were governed by native rajahs. Rajah Matanda (whose real name was recorded by the Legaspi expedition as Ache) and his nephew, Rajah Sulayman ("Rajah Mura" or "Rajah Muda" (a Sanskrit and Malay title for a Prince), ruled the Muslim communities south of the Pasig River, including the Kingdom of Maynila, while Rajah Lakandula ruled the Kingdom of Tondo north of the river.  These settlements held ties with the sultanates of Brunei, Sulu, and Ternate in Indonesia. Juan de Salcedo and Martin de Goiti battled with Rajah Sulayman's Muslim armies for control of the Pasig River. The Muslims of Luzon actively resisted conversion attempts to Roman Catholicism as had those of Mindanao. As a result of latter treaty after the battles, Sulayman allowed Spanish colonists access to his domain but he prevented and halted Spanish missionaries.

Partition of Manila

The areas of the Pasig River were divided among Sulayman and the Spanish colonists. The Muslim settlements of the southern Pasig River were given control to Rajah Sulayman while the north became Spanish territory. It was divided into a Muslim-controlled Manila and a Spanish Christian-controlled Manila where Spanish missionaries converted the natives to Roman Catholicism. Sulayman's kingdom was established as an autonomous province within New Spain. Malay remained the language of the Muslim-controlled Manila.

The Sulayman Dynasty

The Royal Salakót, or the "Sulayman Salakót" inlaid with silver worn by the other sultans of Manila and major nobility of the Sulayman Dynasty.

The Muslim rule of Manila was controlled by Rajah Sulayman's descendants, who most with the exception of the last two rulers resisted marriages to Spanish colonists or conversion to Roman Catholicism.

Reign of Hassanal Sulayman 1579-1614

Rajah Sulayman married a Malay princess by the name of Nirmala and bore three children, two females and one son. Sulayman rejected an order from Spanish authorities to give up his daughters to be wed to Spanish Christians and converted to Christianity and sent them to Sulu for safety knowing that an armed standoff was possible. According to folklore, Lakan Dula also made a salakót (traditional Tagalog headdress) inlaid with silver and gave it to Rajah Sulayman as a gift to be passed on to his descendants as an heirloom and would become the symbol of power and authority used by Manila's sultans. 

He named after himself too and only the sultan was given the right to wear it. Sulayman forged a Malay and Sulu-style sword known as a kris and would make in an heirloom, it was made with copper, steel and silver. 

In 1579, Rajah Sulayman gave up the throne to his son Rajah Sulayman II who married a Tagalog Muslim and gave birth to Hassanal Sulayman who took the throne in 1600. Sulayman further strengthened Islam's foothold in Manila, and barred Spanish culture or influence from coming south into the Pasig River. Hassanal banned entrants ot Catholic and Jesuit missionaries from preaching to the Muslim communities and sent native armies and a naval force to patrol the Pasig River. Spanish soldiers launched a campaign to take the southern Pasig River in 1605, their attack was largely repulsed. 

In 1608, Hassanal Sulayman's armies thwarted another Spanish invasion and threatened to invaded Spanish Manila if conquistadors did not cease their attempts to sack Manila's Muslims. In 1610, the Spanish army launched a final large offensive in the Pasig River, vanquishing Hassanal Sulayman's naval forces stationed there. Sulayman himself was killed in the battle as Spanish forces advanced to attack the Muslim towns.

Reign of Qasim Abdullah 1614-1640

In 1614, Prince Abdullah bin Sulayman became the sultan but there no time for a formal coronation as Spanish forces were approaching and commencing the sack of Manila. Abdullah quickly received the Sword of Sulayman that his father used to fight the Spaniards from a survivor. Abdullah bin Sulayman thwarted Spain's invasion by using burning rocks and archers

Moro kris sword

The kris sword used by the Sulayman sultans, also known as "Sulayman's Kris" or "Sword of Sulayman" causing conquistadors to flee back to the Spanish-controlled Manila. In 1616, Abdullah launched a campaign to invade northern Manila but his invasion was repulsed by the use of Christian converted-natives.

In 1618, archers fired burning arrows into villages of northern Manila. Spanish forces tried to invade the Muslim Manila but their attack were reduced by Abdullah's naval army on the Pasig River. Although pushed back on land, that is where Abdullah defeated Spanish forces and signed the Pasig Treaty.

Abdullah took the name "Qasim" which meant "protector" in Arabic, or sometimes "Kaseem". His coronation also took place during that time, along with a proper burial ceremony for his deceased father. Qasim also received his father's royal Sulayman Salakót, which was placed on his head upon his proper coronation as sultan. Qasim Abdullah implemented new reforms into the kingdom, including the usage of Arabic as a state language. He also barred the Spanish language, and threatened to arrest Spanish speakers although only a few diplomats were permitted to use the language.

Reign of Safar ud-Din (Don Enrique) 1640-1690

Qasim Abdullah's son, Safar ud-Din was coronated in 1640 when Qasim passed away, the royal salakót and the kris sword was passed on to him. Safar ud-Din would become Manila's longest-reigning and one of the more distinct and influential sultans.

He was born in 1620 during Qasim's reign, and was educated at an Islamic school in British Malaya where he learned Arabic and mastery of the Qu'ran. He father communicate to him in Malay and Arabic and became sultan when his father passed away of old age in 1640.

Safar ud-Din accepted the Spanish friendship and designated Spanish as an official language. He married a Sulu princess by the name of Maryam and had four daughters and two sons. Safar ud-Din permitted Christian missionaries into the Pasig River in 1655 and pursued rebels who tried to stop them along with Spanish aid. He also allowed three of his four daughters to be wed to Spanish colonists and converted to Roman Catholicism. In 1670, he himself requested to be baptized as a Roman Catholic, celebrating a full Easter Holy Week before being fully baptized as a Roman Catholic on Eastern Sunday under the name Enrique and took the title Don Enrique. That year, the provincial governor of Spanish Manila was murdered by Muslim militant groups. Spanish soldiers and the sultan's armies defeated them in collaboration with Christian natives of the north.

The Spanish Crown was so astounded that they granted Enrique the right to become provincial governor, a high honorary rank that was not normally available to the native nobility. In 1690, Enrique Safaruddin decided he was too old to govern and abdicated the throne to his son Carlos de Enrique y Safaruddin or Don Carlos.

Safar ud-Din of Manila (World of Sultans)

Safar ud-Din (Enrique Safaruddin) سافارو الدين الكاسيم

Sultan of Manila

Provincial Governor of Manila

Reign     1640-1680, 1670-1690

Coronation         1640

Full name            Safar ud-Din al-Qasim

(Later: Enrique de Safaruddín y Alkázim)

Baptism                1667

Born      1620

Birthplace            Manila, Philippines

Died       1698

Place of death   Manila, Philippines

Predecessor       Qasim Abdullah bin Sulaiman

Successor            Don Carlos

Wife      Maryam of Sulu

Royal House       House of Manila

House of Tondo

Dynasty                Sulayman Dynasty

Religious beliefs               Islam

(briefly Roman Catholicism)

Safar ud-Din al-Qasim bin Sulaiman (Arabic: صفر الدين القاسم بن سليمان) or Safaruddin Alkaseem Anak Sulayman (Jawi: سافارو الدين الكاسيم انق سوليم) and later Don Enrique de Safaruddín y Alkázim (Enrique Safaruddin in short) was the Sixth Sultan of Maynila from 1640-1680 and the Provincial Governor of Manila from 1670-1690, the longest reigning sultan of Manila.

Unlike the other sultans, Safaruddin embraced the Spanish colonial people and even gave three of his daughters to be wed to Spanish provincial governors. In 1660, he converted to Christianity under the name Enrique, though conflicting evidence suggests he reverted to Islam shortly before abdicating as his children were recorded as being Muslims.

He was also the first native to ever become a provincial governor, an extremely high rank not available to the other members of the native nobility.

Childhood

Safar ud-Din al-Qasim was born of the Rajah Sulayman dynasty, to Datu Qasim Abdullah bin Sulaiman, the fifth sultan of Manila in 1620. Although most of Sulayman's descendants used the terms "rajah" and "datu" almost extensively (referred to as "Indian sultans" by Spanish colonists), Qasim was the first to officially adopt the title sultan and more often brought Sunni and Orthodox Islamic practices into Manila, using Arabic personal names rather than Tagalog or Malay names and including Arabic as an official state religion.

His dad's name "Qasim" means "protector" in Arabic, he restricted Catholic bishops from preaching Roman Catholicism in the Muslim settlements of the Pasig River and Manila Bay.

Safaruddin received an education in Malaysia, where he learned prolific Malay and Arabic alongside his native Tagalog tongue and mastery of the Qu'ran.

Reign

In 1640, Sultan Qasim passed away of old age, and Safaruddin was enthroned as the Sixth Sultan of Manila. His grand vizier, Datu Unto sent a letter and a 100 silver pesos to the Spanish Viceroyalty in Mexico City to get Safaruddin's coronation recognized by the Spanish Crown.

Safaruddin also made Arabic and Spanish official state languages along with Tagalog and Malay.

King Philip III of Spain approved of his coronation and sent the Spanish provincial governor of Manila notice of Safaruddin's coronation. Alfonso decreed, "Let them coronate the new Indian sultan. Much as we despite their religion, they have paid us necessary tribute and choose to co-operate with us, so let them practice their tradition." During the coronation, his father's royal salakót (traditional Tagalog headdress) was placed on his head and he also received Qasim's kris sword that he used to fight Spanish forces.

Despite being a Muslim, Safar ud-Din allowed his kris to be blessed at a local archdiocese. The Spaniards had felt really uncomfortable, due to the sword's history of being used to slay Spaniards and Christian Filipinos. It was a tradition to bless the kris at a church, to "lift"the sword's past curses and the sins it was used to commit.

In 1644, Safaruddin married a Sulu princess by the name of Maryam. They had four daughters and two sons, Safaruddin made his youngest son, Esmael bin Safar ud-Din to the heir to the throne.

1650, he strengthened the alliance between Spain and the Sultanate (then Rajahnate) of Manila and Tondo. He allowed three of his daughters to be married to the sons of Spanish provincial governors. They were baptized as Isabela, Consuelo Legazpi y Safaruddín and Penélope Goiti y Safaruddín during Eastern Sunday, Spanish authorities invited the sultan to attend the wedding.

In 1655, the sultan finally permitted Christian missionaries into the Muslim villages of the southern Pasig River which the Spanish Crown appreciated, sending him a gift of 400 silver pesos. The missionaries worked diligently to convert the rest of Manila's people to Roman Catholicism, which met sporadic resistance from some Muslim groups. The sultan's army and Spanish soldiers alike helped put down the rebellion, Sultan Safaruddin received even more awards. By 1660, about one-third of Manila's people were converted to Roman Catholicism and by 1667, about half of Manila's people were converted to Roman Catholicism.

Brief Conversion to Christianity

In 1670, Safar ud-Din visited an archdiocese in Manila during the Sunday starting Holy Week in the Catholic calendar and requested to be baptized and introduced into the Roman Catholic faith along with his wife Maryam of Sulu.

The priest who converted Safar ud-Din was astonished at his timing saying, "The sultan now begins a journey as a Christian, starting in the Holy Week."

Safar ud-Din was converted to Roman Catholicism along with his grand-vizier and his wife but the Spanish missionaries wanted the sultan to prove his faith by observing all of the holidays of the Holy Week before being officially baptized and confirmed as a Catholic. The sultan and his wife celebrated Palm Sunday that day, attended an Ash Wednesday service at a church and mourned on Good Friday. On Eastern Sunday, he was officially baptized as a Roman Catholic, under the name Enrique, and his full name and addressed title became Don Enrique de Safaruddín y Alkázim, his wife was baptized as María, and took the title Doña María Safaruddín de Manila and occasionally was noted by her Tausug royal bloodline as Doña María de Sulu. They became part of the Principalía, the colonial nobility that consisted of native Filipino chiefs that converted to Roman Catholicism.

His son, Esmael bin Safar ud-Din was also converted that day under the name Carlos de Enrique y Safaruddín  and his unmarried daughter, Zainab bint Safar ud-Din was baptized as Alonsa. She was wed to a Spanish soldier and her name was changed to Alonsa López y Enrique. His children were given free Spanish education and got to join the special privileges with the other Principalía members. Later that year, the provincial governor of Manila was assassinated by a Moro militant groups, and they targeted the sultan next for what they believed to be apostasy. Enrique sent Spanish and native armies and successfully pursued them as more Christian missionaries entered the Pasig River to convert the Muslim settlements.

The Spanish Crown granted  Enrique Safaruddin the honor to become the new provincial governor of Manila, an extremely high rank that was not available to other Principalía members.

In a letter from the Spanish Viceroyalty it read, "The sultan has become a favorite of God, it is our honor to present him with the right to control all of Manila." Enrique Safaruddin worked to bring an end to hostilities between the Christians and the remaining Muslim regions of the Pasig River.

Return to Islam

Enrique Safaruddin did not remain a Roman Catholic, and returned to Islam at some point before his abdication. Despite the written evidence of his conversation to Catholicism, his name was not found in the Libro de los Conversos, a book written by various Spanish clergy recording all of the Philippine inhabitants that converted to Catholicism and their former faiths.

In addition, a letter was found between two Muslim chiefs, written in Jawi which when translated into English, read, "The sultan of Manila has returned to Allah, from the faith of the pagan heathens (Catholicism). Long live Sultan Safar Uddin, son of Kasim."

However, a conflicting account written by Dominican friar and close friend of Enrique stated, "The man was born worshipping the blasphemous ways of the Moors, but he grew old and died as a righteous follower of Christ."

In 2016, an Arabic-language document sealed the evidence for his reversion to Islam, with his signature.

Abdication

He controlled Manila from his palace and his throne while he gave the provincial administration to his son Carlos Safaruddin. In 1690, Enrique grew of old age and believed tha he was too old to govern. At that point, he altogether abdicated the throne to his son Carlos Safaruddin, who was coronated as Don Carlos on his birthday. Occasionally, Carlos still used the title "sultan", presumably becoming the last one of Manila. In addition, he was recorded as being Muslim by many prominents as Enrique did not keep his Roman Catholic faith and returned to Islam.

A Spanish-Filipino mestizo author from the area, who claimed to have met Carlos stated, "The man, who addressed himself as Carlos, was the Muslim king of Manila at the time. He succeeded his father, Enrique, as the King of Manila."

Some Spanish friars referred to Carlos as "El Sultán Indio Nuevo" which means "The New Indian Sultan" in Spanish. Carlos spoke some broken Malay and Arabic, but fluent Tagalog and Spanish, he likely discontinued the tradition of having Malay and Arabic as Manila's languages and adopted Spanish culture.

Don Carlos of Manila (World of Sultans)

Carlos Safaruddin

Ruler of Manila

Chief of the Southern Barangays

Reign     1690-1739

Coronation         1690

Full name            Esmael bin Safar ud-Din (later Carlos de Enrique y Safaruddin)

Titles     El Sultán Indio Nuevo, Cabeza de las Barangays Sur

Baptism                1670

Born      1654

Birthplace            Manila, Philippines

Died       Unknown

Predecessor       Safar ud-Din (Enrique)

Successor            Juan de Carlos

Wife      Carrola López

Royal House       House of Manila

House of Tondo

Dynasty                Sulayman Dynasty

Religious beliefs               Islam

(briefly Roman Catholicism)

Esmael bin Safar ud-Din (Jawi: سافارو الدين انق اسماعيل, Arabic: اسماعيل بن صفر الدين), also known by Rajah Muda Ismail and later Carlos de Enrique y Safaruddin or Carlos Safaruddin in short, was the seventh and last ruler and sultan[1] of Manila, and the youngest son of Safar ud-Din and the chosen heir to the throne, the sixth sultan of Manila who was baptized as Enrique Safaruddin.

In 1690, he was coronated as Don Carlos, the new ruler of Manila. He returned to Islam and continued to uphold the Islamic faith within the Sulayman family, it is unknown of what happened to his children and his direct descendants as no religious records on them could be found or attained. It is for his reason that some historians label him as being the last Muslim ruler of Manila.

Childhood

Carlos was born in Manila on 1654 as Esmael bin Safar ud-Din, of Tagalog and Tausug descent. His father, Sultan Safar ud-Din was a Tagalog Muslim of the Rajah Sulayman Dynasty and his mother, Maryam was a Sulu princess that married his father.

His father was known for making many reforms within the sultanate, and accepted Spanish friendship and allowed Christian missionaries into the Muslim settlements of the Pasig River and Esmael made frequent contacts with these Christian missionaries.

He also learned to speak the Spanish language fluently.

Reign

In 1680, the provincial governer of Manila was killed due to an attack by Moros from Mindanao and Carlos's father was next. However, the Sultan successfuly pursued the armies with Spanish aid. The Spanish authorities granted his father the position as provincial governer, an honorary rank that was not normally available ot the other native rulers. Although his father retained his imperial power, he wanted to let Carlos experience political control as he was aging so he gave the administrative powers to Carlos who became his acting provincial governor.

In 1690, Enrique Safaruddin abdicated the throne to Carlos. During his royal coronation, Carlos received his father's royal salakót (a traditional Tagalog headress), which had been worn by the past sultans of Manila believed to have been passed to Rajah Sulayman and his descendants from Lakan Dula, and his kris sword. Although Enrique Safaruddin was an exempt provincial governor, Spanish authorites did not permit Carlos Safaruddin to become provincial governor, as it was handed over to Spanish nobilities but they did let him retain governing powers over the barangays and cities south of the Pasig River while the Spanish directly controlled the north.

Like his father, Carlos Safaruddin embraced Spanish influence and made Spanish an official language in Manila, a language that his paternal grandfather, Qasim Abdullah the fourth sultan of Manila barred from becoming official in the Muslim kingdom.

Conversion to Christianity

On Vigil Eastern Week in 1670, Sultan Safar ud-Din and his wife converted to Christianity, under the names Enrique and María as well as his sister Zainab. The family fully observed Easter Week, celebrated Palm Sunday putting palms around the palace to protect themselves from angry Muslim attackers, getting black crosses ashed on their heads on Ash Wednesday, and mourned on Good Friday. He was finally fully baptized on Easter Sunday, his father took the name Enrique and he took the name Carlos Safaruddin y Ismael.

Marriage

The rewards of Enrique Safaruddin's fruits passed on to Carlos Safaruddin. The provincial governer of Manila bethrothed his daughter, Carrola López as a reward for his father's good works to the Spanish authority. They had two sons, Fernando and Juan and two daughters, Consuelo and Sandra. Carlos was the last ruler of Manila to ever use the title "sultan" and after his reign, the autonomy of Muslim Manila ceased to exist as more Muslims converted to Roman Catholicism except for a small community in what is today's Quiapo district in Manila. He passed the title "Cabeza de las Barangays Sur" or "Chief of the Southern Barangays" to his youngest son Juan de Carlos, giving him the royal salakót, and his older brother Fernando de Carlos his kris sword and divided the control of the Pasig barangays between the two.

Return to Islam

Like his father Enrique, most historians had agreed that Carlos was a nominal and devout Roman Catholic. However, contesting evidence has begun to show that Carlos spent only a year at most in the Roman Catholic faith, and later reverted to Islam with Enrique, and continued to uphold the Islamic faith unto his death like his father.

There are some theories as to how Carlos ended up continuing to follow Islam. Many historians claim that he converted at the same time his father did, following his moves just like when he was converted to Roman Catholicism. However, other historians argue that Carlos had actually returned to Islam on his own, after spending some time in the Andalusian East Indies, in the Sulu Archipelago to be specific.

In 1672, a British travellor to Manila by the name of Alfred Thomas wrote, "The native ruler of Manila, addressed himself as Enrique. Enrique was the Mohammaden king of Manila. His son introduced himself to me as Rajah Mooda [sic] Ismail, however his Spanish name was Carlos."

At the time, Muslims were referred to as Mohammadens in the English-speaking world. It is note that Rajaha Mooda was the incorrect spelling of the Malay and Southeast Asian term Rajah Muda, a title used by Malay and Southeast Asian Muslim nobility for male descendants of the king or current ruler.

Thomas explicitly described Enrique and Carlos as being Muslims. He stated, "Enrique, Carlos and that entire royal family were as Mohammaden as you can get. They did not eat pork and prayed five teams a day facing the city of Mecca."

Thomas also describes the Sulayman family as wearing attire similar to those he had seen in Indonesia, Malaysia and Bangsamoro.

He describes, "The current living patriarch of that family, the sultan of Manila, Enrique, wore a skirt. Up at his head, he wore a cap adorned with silver and gold. Other times, he wore a pointed hat inlaid with silver, what they called the salacot, which apparently was an heirloom of that family. In addition, he had a sword, which bore a blade that was wavy in pattern, holstered around his waist. His son, wore a similar clothing, and adorned a crown inlaid with silver. They followed a culture and way of life, very similar to the Mohammaden kings I encountered Mindanao, Sulu, Borneo, Sumatra and Java.

In 1702, long after Enrique's passing, a disgusted and angered Spanish Jesuit wrote, "What? We have a Moor in charge of Manila? I thought we've long rid our empire of those savages."

The Spaniards referred to the Muslims of the Philippine Archipelago as Moors, or Moros. At that time, Enrique was the Ruler of Manila, and barangay chief.

It is also to note that at this time, more liberal Governor-Generals of the Philippines had allowed Muslims to become part of the Principalía without converting to Roman Catholicism, as long as they showed loyalty to the Spanish Crown and surrendered all their territorial sovereignty. This is exemplified by the Principalía de Quiapo, an elite faction of the Principalía that consisted predominantly of Muslims.

It has been suggested that Carlos' father Enrique had simply converted to Roman Catholicism briefly to gain political prestige of some sort.

In addition, Don Carlos also made extensive relations and friendships with the Moro sultans of the Andalusian East Indies.

Other titles

Carlos Safaruddin was also addressed by several other titles, his main title after being converted to Catholicism was "Don Carlos Safaruddin". Some an in fact many, mostly Spanish friars not aware of his conversion and Catholic converts from Islam continued to address him as "sultan" - making him the last sultan of Manila since his reign was the last time the title was ever used for a native ruler of Manila. They often gave him the moniker "El Sultán Indio Nuevo" which in English translates to "The New Indian (native) Sultan".

Muslim historians do not consider Carlos the last sultan, moving it to Qasim Abdullah since both and his father Enrique were Roman Catholic converts.

There is evidence that pointed out that Don Carlos still tried to revive Islam in Manila's culture, practicing an Islamic-influenced form of Roman Catholicism, similar to the Catholicism practiced by the Moriscos (Moorish converts to Christianity) after the Spanish conquest of the Moors. For example, some Spanish documents recorded that Don Carlos de Enrique not allow farmers to raise pigs, or sell swine meat and also prohibited wine sales and also served feasts of sweet foods during Eid al-Fitr and fasted on Ramadan suggesting that while he was a Roman Catholic by faith he remained a practicing Muslim and that at some point he even reverted to Islam. Some theorize suggest altogether that he suffered an identity crisis, and struggled to choose between either the Christian or Islamic faiths. When he travelled to Cavite, he was often called "El Sultán Musulmán-Católico" or "The Muslim-Catholic Sultan". When he paid a visit to Cavite's Principalia members, he was called "Carlos El Moro-Cristiano" or Carlos the Christian-Moor (Christian-Moor in this context used to refer to a person of Muslim and Christian faith, not a Moorish convert to Christianity or a Morisco). Carlos de Enrique died around 1760, but it is obscure. In one of the Tausug documents, it records,

"On the holy month of Ramadan in 1760, a Tagalog Christian ruler - whose father had also been a sultan of Manila, with a Tausug mother came to our land and requested to re-admitted into the Islamic faith, an undoing of his father's earlier actions of adopting the Paganism that the colonists have introduced." This can be attributed to Carlos. Whether he died a Muslim or Christian, his descendants were not Muslims which initially ended Islam's presence in Manila.

Nur Misuari, the former sultan of the Bangsamoro Kingdom, disagrees with the entire "Christian and Muslim" idea. During the time of his reign, he stated, "You are either a Muslim or a Christian, no ifs, and's or but's about it. You cannot be both, Carlos became a Muslim once more after coming to Sulu and realizing his father's mistake."

Reign of Carlos de Enrique 1690-1760

The reign of Safar ud-Din's son, Carlos de Enrique y Safaruddin was a controversial one although his reign was straight-forward. He was born as Esmael bin Safar ud-Din and was converted to Roman Catholicism the same day his father was, taking the name Carlos.

As usual, when Carlos de Enrique was coronated as Manila's ruler, he received the salakót and the kris. Although he was a Roman Catholic (converted from Islam), he occasionally still used the Islamic noble title "sultan", which is why is regarded in some aspects to be the last sultan of Manila since his descendants made no use or mention the title. Some Spanish friars even referred to him by the moniker "El Sultán Indio Nuevo" or "The New Indian (native) Sultan". Carlos de Enrique himself used the title "Cabeza de las Barangays Sur" or "Chief of the Southern Barangays" since the native position of provincial governer was confined to Enrique.

Because he was a Roman Catholic, Muslim historians believe the Sultanate of Manila to have ended in 1670, when Safar ud-Din and Esmael converted to Roman Catholicism as Enrique and Carlos. Carlos de Enrique did pass his ancestors' heirlooms to his children, he gave the salakót to his youngest son Juan de Carlos and the kris sword to his eldest son Fernando de Carlos and is unknown of whether they ever did anything with them. The heirlooms were later found in a chest near the Pasig River and displayed in the national museum in Manila.

However, there is evidence that pointed out that Enrique de Carlos still tried to revive Islam in Manila's culture. For example, some Spanish documents recorded that Don Juan de Carlos did not allow farmers to raise pigs, or sell swine meat and also prohibited wine sales and also served feasts of sweet foods during Eid al-Fitr and fasted on Ramadan suggesting that while he was a Roman Catholic by faith he remained a practicing Muslim and some point out that he even reverted to Islam giving him a dual-religious status as both Muslim and Catholic. This suggests that he had a difficult time deciding which faith to accept. When he travelled to Cavite, he was often called "El Sultán Musulmán-Católico" or "The Muslim-Catholic Sultan". When he paid a visit to Cavite's Principalia members, he was called "Carlos El Moro-Cristiano" or Carlos the Christian-Moor (Christian-Moor in this context used to refer to a person of Muslim and Christian faith, not a Moorish convert to Christianity or a Morisco). Carlos de Enrique died around 1760, but it is obscure. In one of the Tausug documents, it records:

"In the holy month of Ramadan in 1760, a Tagalog Christian ruler - whose father had also been a sultan of Manila, with a Tausug mother came to our land and requested to be re-admitted into the Islamic faith, an undoing of his father's earlier actions of adopting the Paganism that the colonists have introduced." This can be attributed to Carlos. Whether he died a Muslim or Christian, his descendants were not Muslims which initially ended Islam's presence in Manila.

Don Juan of Manila (World of Sultans)

Don Juan Carlos

Cabeza de Barangay Santa Cruz

Chief of the Southern Barangays

Reign     1716-1718 (as Southern Barangay Chief)

1718-unknown (as Santa Cruz barangay chief)

Coronation         1716

Full name            Juan Carlos y Enrique

Baptism                1711

Successor            Hernán Colón

Consort to           Rosalía Lorenzo

Royal House       House of Manila

House of Tondo

Dynasty                Sulayman Dynasty

House of Bourbon

Religious beliefs               Roman Catholicism

Juan Carlos y Enrique sometimes known by Juan de Carlos was the leader of the barangays south of the Pasig River from 1716-1718, and later the cabeza (chief leader) of the Santa Cruz barangay.

He is descended from the Sulayman Dynasty, a Muslim dynasty that ruled Manila. His father, Carlos Safaruddin was the seventh sultan of Manila.

Childhood

Juan contains Tagalog, Tausūg, Spanish and Malay origin and Spanish origin. He was born to Don Carlos Safaruddin and Carrola López in Manila on 1710, the site of the former sultanate and today the capital of the Philippines with an older brother Fernando. The sultanate had ended around his father's reign over the barangays south of the Pasig River which were once thriving Muslim settlements.

his father, Carlos Safurddin was the seventh and last presumed-Sultan of Manila and his mother, Carrola López was a Spanish noble born in the Philippines.

He and his brother were born Roman Catholics and baptized inside the San Augustin Church in Manila.

On 1739, his father abdicated the throne and passed the governing powers of the southern barangays to him and his older brother Fernando de Carlos. He received his father's silver-inlaid Sulayman Salakot, a traditional Tagalog-headdress that had been worn by his forefathers who were ruling sultans of Manila (starting from Rajah Sulayman) and his father's kris sword was given to his older brother Fernando, which also forged by Rajah Sulayman was given to the sultans of Manila and was used to fight the Spanish conquistadors until the reign of their grandfather Enrique Safaruddin, the sixth sultan of Manila. This symbolized the skills and strengths of each, while Juan who received the salakot took care of diplomatic affairs in Manila, his brother took lead of the city's native police force since he had the kris sword.

In 1760, his father disappeared and was presumed to have went to Sulu and his mother and maternal grandparents took care of him in Manila. He was educated by Spanish priests and friars. Since his father's departure to his unknown faith, the Spanish authorities finally restricted the amount of control that members of the Sulayman Dynasty had, he and Fernando's governing powers were each limited to one barangay however since they were part of the Principales, they were allowed to keep their special privileges of wealth and education and were permitted to keep the respective traditions of their forefathers as he they got to continue assuming power from the throne. Juan Carlos became the cabeza of the Santa Cruz barangay in what is today the city of Pasig, and his brother became the Gobernadorcillo of Manila. Juan Carlos married a mestizo, daughter of a cabeza from Macabebe by the name of Rosalía Lorenzo. They had a daughter by the name of Catalina Carlos y Lorenzo.

Sumber : althistory.wikia.com