The
Gurkhas in Borneo
Indonesia’s
first president Achmed Sukarno had earned power the hard way; he had fought the
brutal Japanese regime during the Second World War and then defeated the
returning Dutch who had attempted to re-impose their colonial rule. By the
early 1960s, he was a strong proponent of ‘Maphilindo’, a regional,
supra-national concept with roots that stretched back to the late 19th Century.
However, Sukarno’s variant was to be an economic and political union comprising
Indonesia, Malaya, Singapore, British-protected Borneo (Sarawak and Sabah), the
oil-rich sultanate of Brunei, and the Philippines. Indonesia would be
Maphilindo’s largest constituent both in terms of land mass and population and,
by extension of this, would automatically become the dominant partner.
However,
there were some glaringly-obvious snags: apart from British-protected Borneo,
the nations earmarked to form Maphilindo were sovereign and independent in
their own right. For example, Malaya had just emerged victorious from the
struggle of a violent communist insurgency, labelled the Emergency, which had
lasted from 1948 to 1960. Its journey to democratic independence was hard won
and would not be given up lightly. The British had done much to safeguard
Malaya’s post-colonial independence and were unlikely to watch Indonesia gobble
up an ally.
Britain,
Malaya and other Commonwealth allies agreed to the formation of Malaysia
largely response to the perceived threat of Maphilindo. It would comprise
Malaya, Singapore, British-protected Borneo and possibly Brunei. Thus Malaysia
would be large enough and powerful enough to protect its sovereignty and help
maintain the balance of regional power. Malaysia was scheduled to formally come
into existence on 31 August 1963, but was delayed in doing so until 16
September 1963. In the event, Brunei retained is quasi-independent status as a
British protectorate, while Singapore would be ejected from Malaysia in 1965
because of growing ethnic, economic and political tensions.
Sukarno
and his ministers were quick to plot a response to Malaysia’s creation,
although there was much debate about whether to use military force or seek
other means to critically weaken Malaysia’s ability to function as a workable
state. A middle way was eventually chosen, one that would use a mixture of
destabilisation with intervention and at level that would avoid international
censure. The opening shot came with Sukarno’s backing of a communist uprising
in Brunei on 8 December 1962. The British were swift to respond as army units
were rushed to the sultanate and quickly helped restore order. Sukarno
responded by switching focus and backing Indonesian army-sponsored guerrilla
incursions from the Indonesian part of Borneo, Kalimantan, into
British-protected territory.
Called
the Konfrontasi, the Confrontation, was initiated on 20 January 1963 and larger
raids were initiated several months later once more men and materiel were in
place and more local guerrillas had been recruited. On 16 August, the British
Army engaged what a spokesman labelled ‘a group of about fifty
Indonesian-backed terrorists’. But Britain wanted to avoid escalation for
several reasons, including worries about cost as the nation sough to divest its
expensive Asian commitments in the post-war, post-imperial world. Thus the
response was initially defensive, with efforts to intercept and destroy
intruders only after they had entered British-protected territory.
Despite
this self-imposed operational constraint Britain had a core advantage; its army
was extremely proficient at jungle warfare having emerged victorious from the
Burma campaigns of the Second World War and the Malay Emergency. General Walter
Walker, an ex-Chindit and the founder of the British and Commonwealth jungle
warfare school, also headed Britain’s forces in the region. But Walker faced a
daunting challenge despite his talents: he had to defend a porous 900-mile
border covered with some of most impenetrable jungle in the world against an
experienced and much larger enemy. It was estimated that roughly 20,000
Indonesian troops were based along the border at the start of the
Confrontation, while Walker began with just a single brigade of infantry
composed of three battalions and 15 helicopters in support.
British
and Commonwealth forces grew as the Confrontation heightened, with numbers
peaking at around 18,000 when Walker passed on his command in March 1965.
However, Indonesian forces also grew in scope and scale. Caught in the middle,
the local population of British-protected Borneo were initially wary of both
sides, probably waiting to see which nation was most likely to win, although
there was a slight leaning towards Indonesia because of ethnic and cultural
ties. Unfortunately for Indonesia, her armed forces frequently intimidated the
indigenous people and, in some cases, acts of a more extreme nature were
recorded. An early example, but one that sums up the modus operandi of some
Indonesian units, occurred in September 1963 at the village of Long Jawai.
Big
blunder
Located
around 30 miles from the border in Sarawak’s third division, Long Jawai
contained a British forward post manned by four Gurkhas – two NCOs and two
Riflemen of the 1st/2nd King Edward VII's Own (KEO) Gurkha Rifles – and two men
from the local Police Field Force (PFF). Supporting them were 21 border scouts,
militiamen recruited by the British from the local population. The post’s HQ
and signal centre was built inside a school hut, which was far from ideal but
the local people had been unwilling to help the Gurkhas expand their main defensive
position located on a hill east of the village.
Captain
John Burlinson arrived at Long Jawai with Corporal Tejbahadur Gurung and two
riflemen carrying a light machine gun (LMG) on 25 September. Tejbahadur and the
two soldiers were told to relieve the two NCOs as Burlinson went to speak with
the locals, convincing to assist building the hill’s defences and to help the
Gurkhas relocate the HQ and signal centre there. Unfortunately, there were
problems with the radio antennae and so the sets had to remain in the village,
with three men assigned to them. New and more effective masts would be
delivered soon, while the rest of the small force manning the outpost could
concentrate itself on the hill. Burlinson and a replaced NCO left on 27
September.
Unknown
to the Gurkhas, they were not the only visitors to Long Jawai; an Indonesian
reconnaissance force had been hiding in one of the village longhouses and was
now reinforced by a full-scale raiding party.* A border scout left for the
village to visit his sick wife early on 28 September and, on the way, spotted
some of the enemy. Unseen, he raced back to the hill and informed Tejbahadur.
Unaware of the size of the threat, Tejbahadur rushed down to the three
signallers and told them to call in for support from headquarters, located 70
miles away at Belanga. He then grabbed a case of grenades and returned to the
hill, arriving there just as the position came under automatic and 60mm mortar
fire. The signallers in the village were now desperately trying but failing to
make contact with headquarters – the region being notoriously difficult for
effective communications. Aware of the operators’ position, the Indonesians
soon raked the school hut with gunfire, killing one Gurkha and one PFF operator
instantly. The surviving PFF trooper managed to escape and stagger away despite
being wounded.
*Which
probably explains why the villagers were reticent to help the Gukhas.
On
the hill, the Gurkhas had started to return fire and put up a spirited defence.
However, the border scouts with them started to lose heart and began slipping
away down the reverse slope and over to a nearby stream. Here they were
captured by a group of Indonesians and frog-marched away. Lagging slightly
behind, one scout saw his comrades taken prisoner and decided to return to the
Gurkhas. With just four men to call on, Tejbahadur was facing overwhelming
odds; he had already lost one man to mortar fire, while another had been
wounded in the leg by a bullet. The fighting had lasted several hours by now and
the enemy was getting bolder just as the Gurkhas were running low on
ammunition. Tejbahadur prudently had his men retreat into the jungle.
After
covering as much distance as possible, they left the wounded man hiding with
what medical supplies they had. The group then left the area, hoping to reach
the nearest scout post at Long Linau. With meagre rations, and over difficult
terrain, they arrived a few days later to discover a border scout who had
evaded the Indonesians had made it there before them and already raised the
alarm. Despite being tired and weary, the men continued to headquarters at
Belaga and gave a full report on the attack. Tejbahadur was awarded the
Military Medal for his determination and level-headed leadership. In the
meantime, the Indonesians had plundered Long Jawai before continuing with their
mission. On setting up a new camp, they took their captive border scouts to the
side and murdered ten of them.
Vengeance
was not far off: Gurkha units had been dropped-in by helicopter and were
already starting to hunt the raiders down. One Gurkha unit arrived in Long
Jawai to find it ransacked and deserted, while they also found the wounded
soldier left by Tejbahadur and sent him back to receive medical attention. By 1
October, two more Gurkha platoons arrived in the area to reinforce operations
and results were starting to be obtained, including the successful ambush of a
26-man unit from the Indonesian raiding party. It was around this time that a
border scout, Bit Epa, also came forward and directed the Gurkhas to the
campsite where his comrades had been murdered. Five Indonesian graves were also
discovered, stark evidence that Tejbahadur and his men had paid the enemy back
with interest during their fight.
The
Gurkhas carried on searching for the raiders, ambushing stragglers and small
units detached from the main incursion party that still eluded them. It was
eventually admitted the bulk of the enemy had crossed back over the border into
the safety of Kalimantan. It had been an extremely costly and botched affair
for Indonesia; not only had the incursion unit suffered casualties for minimal
results but, far more importantly, it had lost the local population’s trust
with the slaughter of the border scouts. Indeed, news of the outrage travelled
like wildfire across British-protected Borneo as had the Gurkhas’ swift
reaction. From then on the British received invaluable intelligence given
willingly by locals regarding any Indonesian movements they spotted along or
over the border.
Uncorking
Claret
Incursions
by the Indonesians continued apace elsewhere in Borneo, although the raids were
not producing the results Sukarno wished for. By 1964, he had decided to raise
the stakes and gave clearance for regular Indonesian units to be used in a more
overt fashion. Politically, Sukarno was also leaning on the Indonesian
Communist Party to support in his vision of Malphilindo. Through their
influence – or perhaps coming to his own conclusions – Sukarno concluded that an
Indonesian attack on the Malay Peninsula would revive the defeated communist
movement there. A new Emergency would, he believed, force his enemies to the
negotiating table.
Unfortunately
for Sukarno, the area was brimming with Commonwealth and Malaysian forces,
while the communist units meant to instigate an uprising mostly existed on
paper. Indonesian incursions, which could only be small due to the lack of air
and naval superiority, were easily crushed. In addition, the action bolstered
the resolve of Britain, Malaysia, Australia and New Zealand to thwart Sukarno,
with the latter two nations now sending men and materiel to help in the fight.
General Walker was also given permission to push forward with his plans for
counter incursions – covert missions that would strike targets 5,000 yards
within enemy territory. The umbrella title for these missions was ‘Operation
Claret’ and only units well-versed in jungle warfare were to be used. Given
their experience, a greater share of the initial burden fell upon the Gurkhas.
But as they have proved time and again in their history, the men from Nepal
exceeded expectations.
Claret
missions primarily targeted zones in and around Indonesian bases and their
supply routes. The Gurkhas and other British units were striking much deeper
into enemy territory by the height of the Confrontation in 1965, sometimes up
to 20,000 yards. One sizeable Claret mission of this time was ‘Operation
Kingdom Come’. In early August 1965, Colonel ‘Nick’ Neill, commander of 2nd
Battalion of the 2nd KEO Gurkhas, had formulated a plan that he outlined to a
small audience at battalion HQ. Across the border, the Indonesians were using
the River Sentimo to ferry men and supplies to a fairly sizeable base at the
village of Babang Baba and Neill was determined their efforts should be
disrupted. Three 2nd Gurkha companies and one SAS squadron were ordered to
infiltrate enemy territory and make a series of river ambushes along a ten-mile
front within five to seven miles of enemy territory.
C
Company led by 24-year-old Captain Christopher Bullock was dropped close to the
border by helicopter and crossed into Indonesian territory on 14 August. Also
moved in were a supporting 105mm howitzer, a radio re-broadcast station and
several mortars that remained on the British side. One of Bullock’s greatest
difficulties was the lack of detailed maps, which contained large uncharted
segments. Rations were basic, comprising rum, sardines, dry biscuits, rice and
a form of dried sprat, known as Ikan Bilis. Sleeping equipment was fairly
rudimentary and included a waterproof sheet, light sleeping bag and a mosquito
net, which was vital if one wanted to avoid waking up the next day resembling a
pin cushion. The average load, despite trying to keep the weight down, was about
80lb.
The
first part of their journey was through secondary jungle, which was tougher
going because of the greater amount of foliage and underbrush. The weather was
hot and the men were quickly drenched in sweat. Thus they were grateful when it
started to rain and they eventually reached primary jungle, the canopy of which
shaded them. For every hour spent moving through the jungle, the Gurkhas
stopped for ten minutes in order to keep their strength up. However, they were
constantly on guard for fear of ambush. Encampment was made at roughly 16:00 as
any earlier would have wasted valuable marching time. Any later and it would
start to become dark and near-impossible for the soldiers to cook up their
rations using smokeless stoves. The firebase was contacted at this stage and
given co-ordinates for support should it be needed. The men would rise early
and move off by 04:45.
The
company eventually entered a vast swamp, which Bullock vividly remembered
wading into. ‘The feeling of going up to the thighs in a slush of brown water
and decaying vegetation was always abysmal,’ he recalled. Thankfully, the
Gurkhas reached firmer ground on an island and, telling the bulk of the men to
rest up, the captain and a team of troops headed forward to make a reconnaissance.
They moved through more swamp towards some low hills that were, if Bullock’s
map was correct, just east of the target. Although it was getting dark, he
wanted to gain a more complete picture and so continued, eventually reaching a
river. Following it, the group came across a cleared jungle path.
The
men suddenly heard the sound of approaching voices and so dived into the
undergrowth. A group of Ibans, local tribesmen, were walking down the path
followed by a dog that soon picked up the scent of the Gurkhas and decided to
make further investigation. Fortunately, one of the Ibans issued a sharp
command and the dog scampered off. When it was safe to do so, Bullock had one
of his most agile men climb a tree to try and report back on his findings. The young
soldier reported they were about 100 yards south of Babang Baba. In poor light,
it took Bullock and his men three hours to return to the main encampment.
However, they knew they were in the right place and could proceed with their
part of the operation.
Death
on the river
The
company had moved out of the swamp into the low hills by 11:00. Bullock took an
advance party out for further reconnaissance, leaving the others – especially
those who had contracted dengue fever – to rest. The Forward Observation
Officer (FOO) attached to the unit, John Masters, also used the time to
determine his fire plan. The reconnaissance party reached the River Sentimo and
found it flooded, with Bullock and his men returning to C Company and
organising two patrols to scout ahead for favourable ambush sites along the
riverbank. Accompanying one of the patrols, Bullock headed southwards and found
an old path next to the river where the floodwater was shallower. He decided
the site was a fair one and would do for the purposes of an ambush.
The
captain took a platoon to lay in ambush the next day, while ordering another
platoon to head up a hill overlooking the area to offer support. John Masters
accompanied them to direct covering artillery fire should it be requested. The
remainder of C Company stayed at the main encampment to act as a reserve. A
general-purpose machine gun (GPMG) was placed on the far right of the ambush
site, while an LMG was set up on the left. The hours ticked slowly by and no
river traffic was witnessed apart from two local Ibans paddling past. The only
living thing to pass the Gurkhas on the next day was a monstrous-looking python
that decided to swim on, much to everyone's relief.
Indonesian
troops finally showed up at midday on the fourth day of laying an ambush; a
small motorboat hove into view, carrying four regular soldiers. The signal to
fire was given as they neared and the GPMG burst into life, instantly followed
by the guns of the rest of the ambush party. ‘The occupants were killed
instantly and the boat overturned, a khaki cap drifted mournfully past me,
separated forever from its owner,’ Bullock wrote. Indonesian forces in the area
were not slow to react; a second longboat, carrying a platoon’s-worth of
soldiers landed on the riverbank and its occupants scrambled out, trying to
flank the ambush party. Incoming fire was also taken from Babang Baba.
It
was abundantly clear to Bullock that he needed to retreat and the first ‘crump’
of a British 105mm shell could also be heard landing in or near Babang Baba, as
Masters called in artillery support. Getting back to the hill, Bullock rapidly
checked all were present and correct and, along with the reserves and the FOO,
struck out to reach C Company’s main encampment site. As a parting shot,
Masters radioed the hill’s co-ordinates for the 105mm howitzer to shell just
after they had left. This done, Bullock, the ambush party and the reserves
reached the rest of C Company and, within minutes, all of the Gurkhas were
heading for the border as quickly as possible.
They
withdrawal went smoothly and Bullock and his men were congratulated for their
success back at headquarters. They were also informed another Claret mission
was to start within a matter of days and that C Company had been earmarked to
take part. It was not exactly the news that exhausted men wanted to hear.
Despite this, it was time to celebrate – Gurkha style. Bullock remembers
drinking a number of ‘Rusty Nails’, shots of whiskey and liberal lashings of
Drambuie, followed by traditional Nepalese songs. ‘A succession of young
soldiers stood up and sang and danced their tribal lays from the high Himalayan
villages of Nepal,’ the captain recalled.
The
Battle of Bau
One
of the toughest battles fought by the Gurkhas in the Borneo campaign came in
November 1965. The 2nd/10th Princess Mary’s Own Gurkhas had become aware of an
Indonesian effort to construct a base in the Bau area and, on 21 November, its
C Company – backed up by 2nd/10th’s Reconnaissance and Assault Pioneer platoons
– was sent out to neutralise this enemy presence. Commanded by Captain Kit
Maunsell, the Gurkhas found themselves moving through some particularly tough
jungle terrain and the Indonesian position, when located, proved defensively
sound. Built on the top of a hill, it was approachable only by three
ridgelines. Enemy strength was estimated to be one platoon at the top of the
hill and a company roughly 500 yards to the west of the summit. Maunsell had
his men make a reconnaissance of the area before moving to attack.
On
the southern ridgeline, and 800 yards away from the Indonesian base, Maunsell
set up a support area manned by assault pioneers and a FOO. The main force cut
through the foliage as quietly as possible, creeping slowly towards the target.
They eventually reached a point about 60 yards from an enemy post where they
encountered a barrier of trees. The captain ordered his men to dismantle this
obstacle as silently as possible but it was at this point an Indonesian soldier
suddenly appeared and, having seen the Gurkhas, prepared to fire. The Gurkhas'
response was swifter and he was promptly shot down.
The
Gurkhas had lost the element of surprise and alerted the enemy to their
presence. Time was now of the essence and Gurkha platoons raced left and right.
Lieutenant (Queen’s Gurkha Officer) Ranjit Rai headed one of the attacks;
having suppressed an enemy machine gun, his platoon came across a hut, which
they promptly cleared of opposition. Enemy fire was thickening and so Maunsell
ordered 8 Platoon to neutralise the threat, with one Gurkha was killed and
another wounded in the process. However, the attack worked and had pushed the
Indonesians back.
On
the far left, 9 Platoon was held up by an enemy machine gun. This was overcome
when Lance Corporal Rambahadur Limbu, supported by his two-man LMG team,
charged forward and despatched the enemy with a well-placed grenade. Moving on,
the three Gurkhas jumped over a trench, with one of them throwing in a grenade
as they passed. But an Indonesian soldier manning the position fired his weapon
and managed to wound the two passing LMG teammates before the grenade’s
explosion killed him. Rambahadur returned to help his fallen comrades, carrying
the first wounded man to the cleared hut behind and then went back for the
second man, also taking him to the hut. He was being blasted at by the
Indonesians all the while he was doing this. Despite the grave danger,
Rambahadur then risked his life for a third time by racing out and returning
with the discarded LMG.
The
Gurkhas eventually destroyed the Indonesian units on the hilltop, although
pressure from nearby enemy units was increasing fast. The fighting on the
hilltop had lasted about an hour-and-a-half by the time Maunsell ordered his
men to retire. The two wounded men rescued by Rambahadur Limbu sadly died,
taking Gurkha casualties to three dead and one seriously wounded. The
Indonesians lost 24 men. Ranjit Rai and Maunsell both received the Military Cross,
while Rambahadur Limbu was awarded Britain’s highest award for bravery in the
face of the enemy, the Victoria Cross (VC).
The
situation in Borneo had utterly changed by the time Rambahadur Limbu was
awarded his VC in 1966. Despite the pressures of British Claret Operations and
the quagmire that the Confrontation was becoming for the Indonesian army, the
end for Sukarno’s Borneo campaign and his dream for Malphilindo came from a
domestic crisis. Indonesia’s communists had gained greater political influence
as the nation's economy stuttered and the expense of fighting the Confrontation
grew. In order to maintain his haemorrhaging popularity, Sukarno attempted to
gain further communist backing and political support. He was also becoming
fearful of the growing discontent of his conservative generals.
On 1
October 1965 an Indonesian-style Night of Long Knives was instigated by a
communist group, with several top Indonesian generals captured and murdered,
although one – General Nasution – slipped away and quickly organised a counter
strike. Against the wrath of army, the communists had little chance of success
and their operation was soon quashed. Sukarno vigorously protested his
innocence and attempted to disassociate himself from events. He managed to cling
on to power, although not for long. Riots erupted in March 1966 as the
Indonesian people voiced frustration at the economic depression and, from the
perspective of many, the needless cost of the Confrontation. Indonesia's High
Command had also had enough and organised a putsch, ousting Sukarno from
effective power and replacing him with General Suharto.
For
the sake of domestic security, it was imperative for the Indonesian army to
halt the Confrontation; it was using up valuable resources and manpower for
little reward. Suharto and the generals came to terms with the British and
Malaysians, signing a formal peace on 11 August 1966. The joy of victory for
the Gurkhas was tempered with the pain of losing 43 men killed and 87 wounded
during the Confrontation. Another blow came with cuts in the British defence
budget, reducing Gurkha manpower. Britain's own economic woes were starting to
bite during this era. But the men from Nepal had proven themselves to be adept,
flexible, tough and tenacious. They had added the Confrontation to their long
list of battle honours and lived up to their motto: ‘It is better to die than
live a coward.’
Source : Historical Eye
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