Kingdom of Tondo (c. 900s–1589)
Kaharian ng Tondo
Kaarian ning Tundo
Pagarian ti Tondo
Kahadean ini Tundo
Kerajaan Tundun
Personal Union with Namayan (1175–1571) and the Capital of Tondo now a
modern district of Manila. Local languages of Old
Tagalog, Kapampangan, Bikol, Ilocano with business languages of middle Chinese, old Malay, Sanskrit and Pali. Primary Religion was Buddhism (Vajrayana, Theravada, Mahayana and Secondary religon Hinduism, Folk religion and Islam (Bruneian conquest in
1500).Currency using Piloncitos, Gold rings and Barter trade.
Government of Lakanate
(Lakan)
• Iron Age – (pre 900 AD) Amaron
• c. 900 Jayadewa (first according to LCI)
• 1200–1245? Rajah Alon
• 1390?–1420? Rajah Gambang
• 1430–1450 Rajah Lontok
• 1515–1558 Rajah Salalila
• 1558–1571 Banaw Lakan Dula
• 1575–1589 Magat Salamat (last)
Historical Era
• Kingdom established c. 900s
• Rajah Alon expanded the territories 1200
• Majapahit–Luzon war 1365
• Diplomacy with Ming Dynasty 1373
• Annexed by Bruneian Empire 1500
• Last resistance against the Spanish 1571
• Dissolution of the kingdom 1589
The Kingdom of Tondo (Filipino: Kaharian ng Tondo [kɐhɐrɪˈən
nɐŋ tonˈdo]; Baybayin: Pre-Kudlit: (Lusu), Post-Kudlit:; Kapampangan: Kaarian
ning Tundo; Bikol: Kahadean ini Tundo; Ilocano: Pagarian ti Tondo; Chinese: 東都;
pinyin: dōngdū; Sanskrit: तोन्दुन्
(Tondu); Malay: Kerajaan Tundun), also referred to as Tondo Dynasty, Tundo,
Tundun, Tundok, Tung-lio, Lusung, or Ancient Tondo, was a mandala which was
located in the Manila Bay area, specifically north of the Pasig River, on Luzon
island. It is one of the settlements mentioned by the Philippines'
earliest historical record, the Laguna Copperplate Inscription (900 CE). Its
territories stretched from the mouth of the Pasig river to the Kapampangan
chiefdoms up to the Southern Luzon southwards to Bicolandia, making it the
largest kingdom that covered the most of Luzon.
An Indianized kingdom in the 10th century, Tondo built upon
its central position along ancient regional trading routes throughout the
archipelago to include, among others, initiating diplomatic and commercial ties
with China during the Ming Dynasty. Thus, it became an established force in
trade throughout Southeast Asia and East Asia (see Luções). Tondo's regional
prominence further culminated during the period of its associated trade and
alliance with Brunei's Sultan Bolkiah. And by around 1500, the kingdom reached
its peak as a thalassocratic force in the northern part of the archipelago.
Following contact with the Spanish Empire beginning in 1570
and the defeat of local rulers in the Manila Bay area in 1591, Tondo was ruled
from Manila (a Spanish fort built on the remains of Kota Seludong). The
kingdom's absorption into the Spanish Empire effectively ended its status as an
independent kingdom, with its capital now existing as a district of the modern
City of Manila.
Etymology
The world in 900 AD and the location of Tondo, also known as
Lusung and its neighbors.
Numerous theories on the origin of the name
"Tondo" have been put forward. Filipino National Artist Nick Joaquin
suggested that it might be a reference to high ground ("tundok"). French linguist Jean-Paul Potet, however, has suggested that the River
Mangrove, Aegiceras corniculatum, which at the time was called
"tundok" ("tinduk-tindukan" today), is the most likely
origin of the name.
The bay area in which Tondo can be found was named Lusong or
Lusung, a name thought to have been derived from the Tagalog word for a large
wooden mortar used in dehusking rice.This name was eventually used as
the modern name of the entire island of Luzon.
Expansion
The expansion of Tondo Dynasty under Rajah Alon in
1200s.
Rajah Alon (c.1200), King of Tondo and son of Lakan
Timamanukum, expanded the Kingdom of Tondo by conquering neighboring
territories such as Kapampangan chiefdoms, Kumintang (Batangas) and Bicol. He
was succeeded by his grandson Rajah Gambang. The Tondo Dynasty lasted until the
end of the 15th century, when the Sultanate of Brunei conquered it so as to
strengthen Brunei's Chinese trade links.
Notable names of places changed through Tondo's
history
Inside Modern day NCR
Bitukang Manók - A realm founded by Dayang Kalangitan, Now
called Santa Cruz, Manila.
Sapa - now Santa Ana, Manila (Also the capital of the
Namayan territory).
Marikina
Nabotas
Pandakan
Pasay
Tagig - Where BGC stand's today.
Polo - now Valenzuela City
Outside Modern NCR
Lagawe, Ifugao
Kandaba , Pampanga
Pandakan
Paila (Pailah) - Now Pila, Laguna (Mentioned in LCI)
Binuangan (Binwangan) - Now part of Obando, Bulacan and San
Lorenzo, Norzagaray, Bulacan. (Mentioned in LCI)
Puliran - Now Pulilan, Bulacan (Mentioned in LCI)
The Kumintang Ilaya - Now or part the Batangas Province.
Tangway - Now called the province of Cavite.
Morong - Now Rizal Province.
Tayabas - Now Quezon Province.
Ibalon - What is now the Bicol region.
Rawis - An ancient settlement Somewhere in the area of Mt.
Mayon, Albay in Bicol region (mentioned in the tale of Daragang Magayon) The
area are now part of Legazpi, Albay.
Uncertain Places
Misil - somewhere outside NCR
Pagalangan - somewhere in the modern Pila, Laguna
Katanghalan - somewhere in Manila (?)
Historiography
The Laguna Copperplate Inscription (c. 900)
The first reference to Tondo occurs in the Philippines'
oldest historical record — the Laguna Copperplate Inscription (LCI). This legal
document was written in Kawi, and dates back to Saka 822 (c. 900).
The first part of the document says that:
On this occasion, Lady Angkatan, and her brother whose name
is Bukah, the children of the Honourable Namwaran, were awarded a document of
complete pardon from the King of Tundun, represented by the Lord Minister of
Pailah, Jayadewa.
Apparently, the document was a sort of receipt that
acknowledged that the man named Namwaran had been cleared of his debt to the
King of Tundun, which in today's measure would be about 926.4 grams of
gold.
The article mentioned that other places in the Philippines
and their Rulers: Pailah (Lord Minister Jayadewa), Puliran Kasumuran (Lord
Minister), Binwangan (unnamed). It has been suggested that Pailah, Puliran
Kasumuran, and Binwangan are the towns of Paila, Pulilan, and Binwangan in Bulacan,
but it has also been suggested that Pailah refers to the town of Pila, Laguna.
More recent linguistic research of the Old Malay grammar of the document
suggests the term Puliran Kasumuran refers to the large lake now known as
Laguna de Ba'y (Puliran), citing the root of kasumuran, *sumur as Old Malay for
well, spring or freshwater source. Hence ka-sumur-an defines a water-source (in
this case the freshwater lake of Puliran itself).While the document does
not describe the exact relationship of the King of Tundun with these other
rulers, it at least suggests that he was of higher rank.
Chinese Written Records
The next historical reference to Ancient Tondo can be found
in the Ming Shilu Annals (明实录]), which record the arrival of
an envoy from Luzon to the Ming Dynasty (大明朝) in 1373. Her rulers,
based in their capital, Tondo (Chinese: 東都; pinyin: dōngdū) were
acknowledged not as mere chieftains, but as kings (王). This reference places Tondo into the larger context of Chinese trade with the
aboriginals of the Philippine archipelago.
Theories such as Wilhelm Solheim's Nusantao Maritime Trading
and Communication Network (NMTCN) suggest that cultural links between what are
now China and the nations of Southeast Asia, including what is now the
Philippines, date back to the peopling of these lands. But the earliest
archeological evidence of trade between the Philippine aborigines and China
takes the form of pottery and porcelain pieces dated to the Tang and Song
Dynasties.
Culture and Society
It is believed that the people of Tondo kingdom were related
to Malay of Malay peninsula and Sumatra. Since at least the 3rd
century, the people of Tondo had developed a culture which is predominantly
Hindu and Buddhist society, they are ruled by a Lakan which is belong to a
Caste of Maharlika were the feudal warrior class in ancient Tagalog society in
Luzon the Philippines translated in Spanish as Hidalgos, and meaning freeman,
libres or freedman. They belonged to the lower nobility class similar to
the Timawa of the Visayan people. In modern Filipino, however, the term itself
has erroneously come to mean "royal nobility", which was actually
restricted to the hereditary Maginoo class.
Kingdom of Tondo
Chinese name Traditional Chinese 東都
Japanese name Kyūjitai 呂宋.
Social Structure
The different type of culture prevalent in Luzon gave a less
stable and more complex social structure to the pre-colonial Tagalog barangays
of Manila, Pampanga and Laguna. Enjoying a more extensive commerce than those
in Visayas, having the influence of Bornean political contacts, and engaging in
farming wet rice for a living, the Tagalogs were described by the Spanish
Augustinian friar Martin de Rada as more traders than warriors.
The more complex social structure of the Tagalogs was less
stable during the arrival of the Spaniards because it was still in a process of
differentiating. A Jesuit priest Francisco Colin made an attempt to give an
approximate comparison of it with the Visayan social structure in the middle of
the 17th century. The term datu or lakan, or apo refers to the chief, but the
noble class to which the datu belonged to was known as the maginoo class. Any
male member of the maginoo class can become a datu by personal achievement.
The term timawa referring to freemen came into use in the
social structure of the Tagalogs within just twenty years after the coming of
the Spaniards. The term, however, was being incorrectly applied to former
alipin (commoner and slave class) who have escaped bondage by payment, favor,
or flight. Moreover, the Tagalog timawa did not have the military prominence of
the Visayan timawa. The equivalent warrior class in the Tagalog society was
present only in Laguna, and they were known as the maharlika class.
At the bottom of the social hierarchy are the members of the
alipin class. There are two main subclasses of the alipin class. The aliping
namamahay who owned their own houses and served their masters by paying tribute
or working on their fields were the commoners and serfs, while the aliping sa
gigilid who lived in their masters' houses were the servants and slaves.
Pottery
Tondo had a rich tradition of pottery Japanese texts
mentioned trading expeditions to the island of Rusun (Luzon) for the highly
prized Rusun and Namban jars occurred. Japanese texts were very specific about
these jars being made in Luzon 呂宋. The Tokiko, for example, calls the
Rusun and Namban jars, Ru-sun tsukuru or Lu-sung ch'i (in Chinese), which means
simply "made in Luzon." These Rusun jars, which had rokuru (wheel
mark), were said to be more precious than gold because of its ability to act as
tea canisters and enhance the fermentation process.
Clay jars used for storing green tea and rice wine with
Japan flourished in the 12th century, and local Tagalog, Kapampangan and
Pangasinense potters had marked each jar with Baybayin letters denoting the
particular urn used and the kiln the jars were manufactured in. Certain kilns
were renowned over others and prices depended on the reputation of the
kiln.[40] Of this flourishing trade, the Burnay jars of Ilocos are the only
large clay jar manufactured in Luzon today with origins from this time.
Economic Activities
The Piloncitos, a type of Gold nuggets with baybayin Ma
characters. Used as one of the early currency along with Gold rings.
The people of Tondo were good agriculturists, they lived
through farming, rice planting and aquaculture (specially in lowland areas). A
report during the time of Miguel López de Legazpi noted of the great abundance
of rice, fowls, wine as well as great numbers of carabaos, deer, wild boar and
goat husbandry in Luzon. In addition, there were also great quantities of
cotton and colored clothes, wax, wine, honey and date palms produced by the
native peoples, rice, cotton, swine, fowls, wax and honey abound.
The use of rice paddies in Pila can be traced to prehistoric
times, as evidenced in the names of towns such as Pila, Laguna, whose name can
be traced to the straight mounds of dirt that form the boundaries of the rice
paddy, or "Pilapil."
Duck culture was also practiced by the natives, particularly
those around Pateros and where Taguig City stands today. This resembled the
Chinese methods of artificial incubation of eggs and the knowledge of every
phase of a duck's life. This tradition is carried on until modern times of
making balut.
Trade to "Silk road"
Many of the barangay municipalities were, to a varying
extent, under the de jure jurisprudence of one of several neighboring empires,
among them the Malay Srivijaya, Javanese Majapahit, Po-ni, Malacca, Indian
Chola, Champa, Burma and Khmer empires.
Trading links with Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula,
Indochina, China, Japan, India and Arabia. A thalassocracy had thus emerged
based on international trade.
Religion
The main religion was widely Hinduism, followed by Buddhism
in popularity along with Folk religion , Initially the kingdom revered
Buddhist-Hindu influence as the predominant religion.
Buddhist Expansion Throughout Asia.
Buddhism is widely practice through out Tondo, the
Vajrayana,Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism, made inroads into Philippines
when the Srivijaya empire in present day - Indonesia and Malaysia gained
prominence. This was the period between 7th century to 13th century. Later, on
the arrival of the Chinese and Indian merchants between the 10th century
brought in the Buddhist knowledge as well as Buddhist iconography. Buddhist
statues and artefacts from this era is a proof to the influence that Buddhism
had amongst the people in Philippines.
Waisaka or Vesak is the Buddhist name of the month - though
now is shortened to a single day - which celebrates Buddha’s birthday and
enlightenment. Vesak or Vesakha (in Pali) is the holiest month in the Buddhist
calendar and is usually the time when debts are forgiven and festivals
held. Swasti is also a very traditional Sanskrit-Buddhist greeting (similar
to the modern Thai, sawasdee). The Laguna copper plate inscription therefore
indicates that the areas mentioned - Pampanga, Tondo and Bulacan- had already
adopted Buddhism. With the advent of Spanish colonialism in the 16th
century, the Philippines became a closed colony and cultural contacts with
other Southeast Asian countries were restricted.
Folk religion was practiced a collection of beliefs and
cultural mores anchored more or less in the idea that the world is inhabited by
spirits and supernatural entities, both good and bad, and that respect must be
accorded to them through worship. These nature spirits are known as
"diwatas", related to Hindu Devatas.
Hinduism the is practice brought by of Hindu Tamil, Gujarati
and Indonesian traders through the ports of Malay-Indonesian islands. arrived
in Philippines archipelago in the 1st millennium, through the Indonesian
kingdom of Srivijaya followed by Majapahit.
An Artifacts found In 1989 the Laguna Copperplate
Inscription by scholars. It is the earliest known written document found in the
Philippines, dated to be from the 9th century AD, and was deciphered in 1992 by
Dutch anthropologist Antoon Postma.The copperplate inscription suggests
economic and cultural links between the Tagalog people of Philippines with the
Javanese Medang Kingdom, the Srivijaya empire, and the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms
of India. Hinduism in the country declined when Islam was introduced by traders
from Arabia which was then followed by Christianity from Spain. This is an
active area of research as little is known about the scale and depth of
Philippine history from the 1st millennium and before. The document states
that it releases its bearers, the children of Namwaran, from a debt in gold
amounting to 1 kati and 8 suwarnas (865 grams).
Majapahit Suzerainty
In mid 14th century, the Majapahit empire mentioned in its
manuscript Nagarakretagama, written by Prapanca in 1365—that the area of
Selurong (Majapahit term for Luzon or Maynila) and Solot (Sulu) were parts of
the empire. The true nature of this Majapahit influence is still a
subject of study. As the geographical, logistical and political constraint of
the era suggests, that instead of conventional colonization, Majapahit may only
exercised minimal ceremonial suzerainty and only claimed trade monopoly of its
tributaries. It is likely that Majapahit fleet seldom sailed to its peripheral
realm as far north as Luzon. Most often Majapahit left polities of its farthest
realm intact, without any further administrative integration.
The fact whether Tondo was a tributary state of Majapahit or
not, is still a subject of debate. Those who doubted the validity of
Nagarakretagama, pointed out that the manuscript was composed as a eulogy for
their emperor Hayam Wuruk, thus not accountable as historical source. Whether an actual battle between Tondo and Majapahit forces ever took place—or
just a speculation, is still a subject of debate, due to scarcity of historical
records and evidences. Nevertheless, the report of clash between naval forces
of Sulu and Majapahit was recorded, when the pirates hailed from Sulu attacked
Barune (Brunei) which was a Majapahit vassal, and subsequently repelled by
Majapahit forces. Chinese source mentioned that in 1369, the pirates of Sulus
attacked Po-ni (Brunei), looting it of treasure and gold. A fleet from
Majapahit succeeded in driving away the Sulus, but Po-ni was left weaker after
the attack.
Lusung Warriors
Pires noted that they (The Lucoes or people from Luzon) were
"mostly heathen" and were not much esteemed in Malacca at the time he
was there, although he also noted that they were strong, industrious, given to
useful pursuits. Pires' exploration led him to discover that in their own
country, the Luções had "foodstuffs, wax, honey, inferior grade
gold," had no king, and were governed instead by a group of elders. They
traded with tribes from Borneo and Indonesia and Philippine historians note
that the language of the Luções was one of the 80 different languages spoken in
Malacca When Magellan's ship arrived in the Philippines and East Timor,
Pigafetta noted that there were Luções there collecting sandalwood.
The Luções' activities weren't limited to trade however.
They also had a reputation for being fierce warriors.
Pinto noted that there were a number of them in the Islamic
fleets that went to battle with the Portuguese in the Philippines during the
16th century. The Sultan of Aceh gave one of them (Sapetu Diraja) the task of
holding Aru (northeast Sumatra) in 1540. Pinto also says one was named leader
of the Malays remaining in the Moluccas Islands after the Portuguese conquest
in 1511. Pigafetta notes that one of them was in command of the Brunei
fleet in 1521.
Resistance against Muslims
However, the Luções did not only fight on the side of the
Muslims. Pinto says they were also apparently among the natives of the
Philippines who fought the Muslims in 1538.
Mission in Malacca
When the Portuguese arrived in Southeast Asia in 1500 AD,
they witnessed the Lucoes or the Lusung's active involvement in the political
and economic affairs of those who sought to take control of the economically
strategic highway of the Strait of Malacca. For instance, the former sultan of
Malacca decided to retake his city from the Portuguese with a fleet of ships from
Lusung in 1525 AD.
Burmese–Siamese wars involvement
On Mainland Southeast Asia, Lusung/Luções warriors aided the
Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547. At the same time, Lusung warriors
fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the
Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese capital at Ayutthaya.
Lucoes Assistance in the Portuguese Discovery of Japan
The Luções were also instrumental in guiding Portuguese
ships to discover Japan. The Western world first heard of Japan through the
Portuguese. But it was through the Luções (as the Portuguese called the people
of Lusung) that the Portuguese had their first encounter with the Japanese.
The
Portuguese king commissioned his subjects to get good pilots that could guide
them beyond the seas of China and Malacca. In 1540 AD, the Portuguese king's
factor in Brunei, Brás Baião, recommended to his king the employment of Lusung
pilots because of their reputation as "discoverers." Thus it was
through Lusung navigators that Portuguese ships found their way to Japan in
1543 AD. In 1547 AD, Jesuit missionary and Catholic saint Francis Xavier
encountered his first Japanese convert from Satsuma disembarking from a Lusung
ship in Malacca.
Diplomatic Relations to Foreign powers
Relations with the Medang Kingdom (900)
Barangay Government
Ten Datus of Borneo
States in Luzon
Caboloan (Pangasinan)
Ma-i
Kingdom of Maynila
Namayan
Kingdom of Tondo
States in the Visayas
Kedatuan of Madja-as
Kedatuan of Dapitan
Rajahnate of Cebu
States in Mindanao
Rajahnate of Butuan
Sultanate of Sulu
Sultanate of Maguindanao
Sultanate of Lanao
Key Figures
Sulaiman II · Lakan Dula · Sulaiman III · Katuna
Tarik Sulayman · Tupas · Kabungsuwan · Kudarat
Humabon · Lapu-Lapu · Alimuddin I · Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram
History of the Philippines
The Dutch anthropologist and Hanunó'o script expert Antoon
Postma has concluded that the Laguna Copperplate Inscription also mentions the
places of Tondo (Tundun); Paila (Pailah), now an enclave of Barangay San
Lorenzo, Norzagaray; Binuangan (Binwangan), now part of Obando; and Pulilan
(Puliran); and Mdaŋ (the Javanese Kingdom of Medang), in present-day
Indonesia. Apparently, the Philippine Kingdom of Tondo and the Medang
Kingdom of Indonesia were known allies and trading partners.
Relations with Siamese kingdoms (Thailand)
The Lucoes and Siam began its relation way-back in the 13th
century in the context of Southeast Asian maritime trade. Archaeological
records point not only to commercial and cultural ties but also a recognition
of their political stature. Siam with its kingdoms and the Philippines with its
rajahs. There were also ceramic wares from Sukhothai and Sawankhalok found in
Luzon and Visayas region as evidence of early relations. Southeast Asian wares
found in the Philippines from the 13th century to 16th century period were
mostly from Siam.
The Lusung warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and
faced the same elephant army of the Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese
capital at Ayutthaya.
Relations with the Taungoo Dynasty (Burma)
King Tabinshwehti of Burma.
Asides from trade, Tondo supported King Tabinshwehti on
Burma's expansion campaign by sending Lusung warriors on an Elephant Army in
the invasion of Siam during the year 1547.
Diplomacy with the Ming Dynasty (1373)
The next historical reference to Ancient Tondo can be found
in the Ming Shilu Annals (明实录]), which record the arrival of
an envoy from Luzon to the Ming Dynasty (大明朝) in 1373. Her rulers,
based in their capital, Tondo (Chinese: 東都; pinyin: dōngdū) were
acknowledged not as mere chieftains, but as kings (王). This reference places Tondo into the larger context of Chinese trade with the
aboriginals of the Philippine archipelago.
Theories such as Wilhelm Solheim's Nusantao Maritime Trading
and Communication Network (NMTCN) suggest that cultural links between what are
now China and the nations of Southeast Asia, including what is now the
Philippines, date back to the peopling of these lands. But the earliest
archeological evidence of trade between the Philippine aborigines and China
takes the form of pottery and porcelain pieces dated to the Tang and Song
Dynasties.
The rise of the Ming dynasty saw the arrival of the first
Chinese settlers in the archipelago. They were well received and lived together
in harmony with the existing local population — eventually intermarrying with
them so that today, numerous Filipinos have Chinese blood in their veins.
This connection was important enough that when the Ming
Dynasty emperors enforced the Hai jin laws which closed China to maritime trade
from 1371 to about 1567, trade with the Kingdom of Tondo was officially allowed
to continue, masqueraded as a tribute system, through the seaport at
Fuzhou. Aside from this, a more extensive clandestine trade from Guangzhou
and Quanzhou also brought in Chinese goods to Luzon.
Luzon and Tondo thus became a center from which Chinese
goods were traded all across Southeast Asia. Chinese trade was so strict that
Luzon traders carrying these goods were considered "Chinese" by the
people they encountered.
This powerful presence in the trade of Chinese goods in
16th-century East Asia was also felt strongly by Japan. The Ming Empire treated
Luzon traders more favorably than Japan by allowing them to trade with China
once every two years.
Diplomacy with Japan
A Japanese Red seal ship. Tokyo Naval Science Museum.
Statue of Luzon Sukezaemon at Sakai Citizens' Hall.
Japan was only allowed to trade once every 10 years.
Japanese merchants often had to resort to piracy in order to obtain much sought
after Chinese products such as silk and porcelain. Famous 16th-century Japanese
merchants and tea connoisseurs like Shimai Soushitsu (島井宗室)
and Kamiya Soutan (神屋宗湛) established branch offices on the island of Luzon.
One famous Japanese merchant, Luzon Sukezaemon (呂宋助左衛門),
went as far as to change his surname from Naya (納屋) to
Luzon (呂宋).
Relations between Japan and the kingdoms in the Philippines,
date back to at least the Muromachi period of Japanese history, as Japanese
merchants and traders had settled in Luzon at this time. Especially in the area
of Dilao, a suburb of Manila, was a Nihonmachi of 3,000 Japanese around the
year 1600. The term probably originated from the Tagalog term 'dilaw', meaning
'yellow', which describes their general physiognomy. The Japanese had
established quite early an enclave at Dilao where they numbered between 300 and
400 in 1593. In 1603, during the Sangley rebellion, they numbered 1,500, and
3,000 in 1606. In the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of Japanese people
traders also migrated to the Philippines and assimilated into the local
population.
Attack by the Bruneian Empire (1500)
By the 15th century, the Bruneian Empire controlled western
shores of the Philippines
Around the year 1500, the Bruneian Empire under Sultan
Bolkiah attacked the Kingdom of Tondo and established a city with the Malay
name of Selurong (later to become the city of Manila) on the opposite
bank of Pasig River. The traditional Rajahs of Tondo, like Lakandula, retained
their titles and property but the real political power came to reside in the
House of Soliman, the Rajahs of Maynila.
Islamization by forced conversion of the citizens of Tondo
and Manila divided the area into Muslim domains. The Bruneians installed the
Muslim rajahs, Rajah Salalila and Rajah Matanda in the south (now Intramuros
district) and the Buddhist-Hindu settlement under Lakandula in northern Tundun
(now Tondo). With the rise of Islam, other religions in the archipelago
gradually disappeared.
Incorporation into the Bruneian Empire (1500)
Tondo became so prosperous that around the year 1500, the
Bruneian Empire, under Sultan Bolkiah, merged it by a royal marriage of Gat
Lontok, who later became Rajah of Namayan, and Dayang Kalangitan to establish a
city with the Malay name of Selurong (later to become the city of
Manila) on the opposite bank of Pasig River.
The traditional rulers of Tondo, like Lakandula, retained
their titles and property upon embracing Islam but the real political power
transferred to the master trader House of Sulayman, the Rajahs of Maynila.
Spanish contact and decline (1570–1591)
Spanish colonizers from Mexico first came to the Manila Bay
area and its settlements in June 1570, while Miguel López de Legazpi was
searching for a suitable place to establish a capital for the new territory.
Having heard from the natives of a prosperous Moro settlement on the island of
Luzon, López de Legazpi had sent Martín de Goiti to investigate. When Maynila's
ruler, Rajah Matanda, refused to submit to Spanish sovereignty, de Goiti
attacked. He eventually defeated Rajah Matanda, claimed Maynila in the name of
the King of Spain, then returned to report his success to López de Legazpi, who
was then based on the island of Panay.
López de Legazpi himself returned to take the settlement on
19 June 1571. When the Spanish forces approached, the natives burned Maynila
down and fled to Tondo and other neighboring towns.
López de Legazpi began constructing a fort on the ashes of
Maynila and made overtures of friendship to Lakandula of Tondo, who accepted.
The defeated Matanda refused to submit to the Spaniards, but failed to get the
support of Lakandula or of the Kapampangan and Pangasinan settlements to the
north. When Rajah Sulayman and a force of Muslim warriors attacked the
Spaniards in the Battle of Bankusay Channel, he was finally defeated and
killed.
This defeat marked the end of rebellion against the Spanish
among the Pasig river settlements, and Lakandula's Tondo surrendered its
sovereignty, submitting to the authority of the new Spanish capital,
Manila.
Battle of Bankusay Channel
June 3, 1571 marked the last resistance by locals to the
occupation and colonization by the Spanish Empire of Manila in the Battle of
Bankusay Channel. Tarik Sulayman, the chief of Macabebes, refused to ally with
the Spanish and decided to mount an attack at the Bankusay Channel on Spanish
forces, led by Miguel López de Legazpi. Sulayman's forces were defeated, and he
was killed. The Spanish victory in Bankusay and Legaspi's alliance with
Lakandula of the Kingdom of Tondo, enabled the Spaniards to establish
themselves throughout the city and its neighboring towns.
Tondo Conspiracy
The Conspiracy of the Maharlikas, also referred to as the
Revolt of the Lakans from 1587–1588 was a plot against Spanish colonial rule by
the Tagalog and Kapampangan noblemen, or Datus, of Manila and some towns of
Bulacan and Pampanga, in the Philippines. They were the indigenous rulers of
their area or an area yet upon submission to the might of the Spanish was
relegated as mere collector of tributes or at best Encomenderos that need to
report to a Spanish Governor. It was led by Agustín de Legazpi, the son of a
Maginoo of Tondo (one of the chieftains of Tondo), born of a Spanish mother given
a Hispanized name to appease the colonizers, grandson of conquistador Miguel
López de Legazpi, nephew of Lakan Dula, and his first cousin, Martin Pangan.
The datus swore to rise up in arms. The uprising failed when they were betrayed
to the Spanish authorities by Antonio Surabao (Susabau) of Calamianes.
Historical theories associated with Ancient Tondo
Lakan as a title
While most historians think of Lakan Dula as a specific
person, with Lakan meaning Lord, King or Paramount Ruler and Dula being a
proper name, one theory suggests that Lakandula is a hereditary title for the
Monarchs of the Kingdom of Tondo.
The heirs of Lakan Banao Dula
In 1587, Magat Salamat, one of the children of Lakan Dula,
and with his Spanish enforced name Augustin de Legazpi, Lakan Dula's nephew,
and the lords of the neighboring areas of Tondo, Pandakan, Marikina, Kandaba,
Nabotas and Bulakan were martryed for secretly conspiring to overthrow the
Spanish colonizers. Stories were told that Magat Salamat's descendants settled
in Hagonoy, Bulacan and many of his descendants spread from this area.
David Dula y Goiti, a grandson of Lakan Dula with a Spanish
mother escaped the persecution of the descendants of Lakan Dula by settling in
Isla de Batag, Northern Samar and settled in the place now called Candawid (Kan
David). Due to hatred for the Spaniards, he dropped the Goiti in his surname
and adopted a new name David Dulay. He was eventually caught by the Guardia
Civil based in Palapag and was executed together with seven followers. They
were charged with planning to attack the Spanish detachment.
Notable Monarchs of Tondo
Legendary Rulers
Legendary rulers can be found in the oral tradition in
Philippine Mythology, which having a uncertain historical /archeological
evidence of their reign.
Name - Title held/Notes - From/Until
Ama-ron or Amaron
Amaron
is like most of the male Filipino mythological heroes, he is described as an
attractive well-built man who exemplifies great strength. Ama-ron is unique
among other Filipino legends due to the lack of having a story on how he was
born which was common with Filipino epic heroes. Uncertain possibly Iron Age.
Gat Pangil
Gat
Pangil was a chieftain in the area now known as Laguna Province, He is mentioned
in the origin legends of Bay, Laguna,Pangil, Laguna, Pakil, Laguna and Mauban,
Quezon, all of which are thought to have once been under his domain. Uncertain possibly Iron Age.
Historical Rulers of Tondo
Name-Title held/Notes - From/Until
Jayadeva
Jayadewa Senapati
(Admiral)- Known only in the LCI as the King who gave the pardon to
Lord Namwaran and his wife Dayang Agkatan and their daughter named Bukah for
their excessive debts in 900 AD.) [27] 900? ?
Lakan Timamanukum
Father
of Rajah Alon, he ruled when Tondo become a fortified Mandala at the mouth of
Pasig River. 1150? ?
Alon
Lakan Alon -Son of Lakan Timamanukum, he expanded the Tondo territory
from Ilocandia to Bicolandia. 1200? ?
Gambang
Lakan
Gambang- another ruler who used the title Senapati or Admiral. 1390? 1417?
Suko
Lakan Suko or also known as Sukwu (朔霧) means "northern
mist" , According to the Dongxi Yanggao (東西洋考)
Abdicated . 1417? 1430?
Lontok
Lakan Lontok-later converted his faith to Islam in later life 1430? 1450?
Kalangitan
(Co-regent with her consort of Rajah Lontok) Dayang Kaylangitan, consort of Rajah
Lontok, Queen of Namayan and Tondo.The only recorded queen regnant of the pre-Hispanic
Philippine Kingdom of Tondo. The eldest daughter of Rajah Gambang and co-regent
with her husband, Rajah Lontok, she is considered one of the most powerful
rulers in the kingdom's history. 1450? 1515?
Bolkiah
non-native monarch who take over the throne (ruled after
deposing Rajah Sukwu take over of Seludong) . Sultan
Bolkiah (Also known as Nakhoda Ragam or "The Singing
Captain"). The sultan of Bruneian Empire, He ruled Tondo after he
Subjugated the Buddhist-Hindu Kingdom He established an outpost in the center
of fortified area of Manila after the Rajah of Tondo loose in the Battle of
Manila. 1500? 1515 ?
Salalila
Rajah
Salalila or Rajah Sulayman I the rajah of Maynila and Pampanga (A puppet Rajah installed by Sultan Bolkiah .) 1515? 1558?
Matanda
Rajah
Matanda or Rajah Sulayman II or Rajah Ache, King of Namayan 1558? 1571
Lakan Dula
Banaw
Lakandula, King of Tondo and Sabag 1558? 1571
Sulayman
Rajah
Sulayman, King of Tondo 1571 1575
Magat Salamat
The last
ruler of Tondo dynasty after the monarchy was dissolved by the Spanish
authorities due to the fact that he led the Tondo conspiracy. 1575 1589
Notable Ministers of Tondo
Name Title held/Notes From Until
Kasumuran
(uncertain) Known
in Laguna Copperplate Inscription, a lord minister or an ancient name of Bay,
Laguna c.900AD. ?
Gat Bisruta
Known
in Laguna Copperplate Inscription, the Lord Minister of Binwagan, or Binagonan,
Rizal which is represented the pardon of Namwaran by the chief of mdang. c.900 AD. ?
Ganasakti
Known
in Laguna Copperplate Inscription, the Lord Minister of Pila, Laguna who
cleared the family of Namwaran from the salary-related debts of 1 Katî and 8
Suwarna. C.900 AD. ?
Lord Balingit
the
Lord of Pandakan - 1588
Pitongatan
Pitong-gatang' Prince
- Minister of Tondo, Manila - 1588
Source : Wikipedia
Macapagal (rare variant: Makapagal) is a Filipino surname derived from the Kapampangan language.
ReplyDeleteThe family claims noble descent from Dola de Goiti Dula, a legitimate grandchild of Lakan Dula, the last "王" or King of Tondo "東都" (Dongdu). It is the only known branch of the Seludong's royal family to have survived the Majapahit Empire's invasion, the Sultanate of Brunei's pogrom against native royals, Chinese warlord Limahong's massacres, and the fallout from the Tondo Conspiracy. The family survived due to Martin de Goiti's giving of his Mestiza (Half Aztec and Half-Spanish) daughter in marriage to Batang Dula, the eldest son of Lakan Bunao Dula of the Lakanate of Tondo. As time went on, they incorporated the descendants from the two other royal houses: the house of Rajah Matanda (ऋअज ंअतन्द) and the house of Tariq Suleiman (سليمان).
The family then migrated to Pampanga and Northern Samar after the Spanish assumed control of Manila.
Lakanate of Tondo are still on, every dec 15 the descendants gathered to a pilgrim together for the bday of Lakan Bunao Dula in Archdiocesan Shrine of Santo Niño - Tondo Manila
ReplyDeleteLontok is actually bolkiah’s son. He’s a prince of brunei and sulu
ReplyDelete