HISTORY OF THE MORO STRUGGLE IN THE PHILIPINES
By : Ustaz Abu Hurairah Abdul Rahman
Mufti Besar
Mindanao.
A. The Bangsamoro
before the arrival of Islam
The pre-Islamic Moro social structure had three classes: the
datus or chiefs, the commoners or citizens, and the slaves. The title datu
embodies both political function and social status. Generally, the right to
rule hinged on direct descent from the ruling class. However, by exceptional
bravery or victory in war, a commoner could become a datu, in case of slave he
could buy his liberty by paying a stipulated amount. Generally, the datus were
of equal status or footing. However, one could emerge superior to the other by
force of arms, or bravery in war. The real of the datu was more or less equal
to that of a contemporary village of the Spanish-type barrio. However, there
was no common term for this political unit, knowing that the Moros speak at
least thirteen languages or dialects, most of which were mutually
unintelligible.
The economy was based on agriculture, weaving,
pottery-making, blacksmithing and fishing. In commerce, barter system was in
use, for money was not yet invented.
The then people of Mindanao and Sulu wereu were a animists.
B. Arrival of
Islam
How Islam came to Mindanao and Sulu is a complex question
that cannot e addressed by a simple answer. However, it is historical fact that
after the death of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) about 623 AC, a general
expansion of Islam ensued. Either through missionary effort or military
victories, the Islamic world extended to West across the continent of Africa up
to Spain, and to the East it encompassed the Indian continent up to Southeast
Asia and then to Mindanao and Sulu. Many historians seem agree that the coming
of Islam to Mindanao and Sulu was the result of the missionary activities of
Arab traders and teachers or Sufis who came along the trade routes.
As regards the date of the arrival of Islam in Mindanao and
Sulu, some historians say that it was earlier than the closing years of the
fourteenth century. This is in the light of the discovery of a tombstone on the
slope of Bad Datu, Sulu, in the year 710 AH, with corresponds 1310 AC, bearing
the name of the deceased Maqbalu. Also in Sulu, an Arab known locally as Tuan
Mashaika was credited with having founded the fisrt Muslim community. Later ,
in 1380 AC another Arab, Makhdum Karim reverently called Sharif Awliya
Islamized a large number of inhabitatans. Makhdum founded the fist mosque in
the Philippines a Tubig-Indangan in Simunul Island.
In 1390 AC, Rajah Baguinda arrived and continued the work of
Makhdum Karim. By this times, a flourishing Muslim community in Sulu evolved
and by the middle of the following century the Sulu Sultanate was established. The fisrt crowned Sultan was
Syed Abu Bakar, an Arab from South Arabia. Upon his ascension to the thron, Abu
Bakar used the regal name Sharif Hashim.
In Mindanao, around the year 1460 AC, local genealogies
speak of a certain Sharif Awliya from Johore came to the Island. On the hill of
Tantawan now in Cotabatu City, he married a maiden. They begot a daughter by
the name Paramisuli. Another Arab, Sharif Maraja, also from Johore came and got
marrief with Paramisuli.
Around the year 1475 AC, Sharif Muhammad Kabungsuan also
claimed to be Hashimite descendant is credited as the most instrumental in the
propagation of Islam in Mindanao. Out of
his marital union with the local maidens, the Maguindanao Sultanate came
to existence. The Sulu Sultanate realm had extended to embrace Palawan and some
part of Borneo. While the Sultanate of Maguindanao had embraced the main island
of Mindanao and some parts of Visayan island.
At the last
years of the fifteen century Islam has already headway in many parts of the
Philippines. It was carried directly from of via Sulu and Mindanao by
preachers, trades or voyagers from Borneo who settled among the inhabitants in
the North (now Manila and surrounding provinces). What is metropolitan Manila
today was formerly the bastion of Islam. Manila was ruled by Rajah Sulaiman
jointly or assisted by his uncle Rajah Matanda, and Tondo was under the rule of
Rajah Lakandula. And so were Cebu and Mactan of Rajah Humbon and Raja Lapulapu.
The then
political institution called Sultanates were of centralized government
patterned after the Arabian model. The realm was headed by the Sultan. Below
the Sultan was the heir-apparent crown prince, and in the lower tier of the
hierarchy were the administrative officers or the ministers, the judge or Qadi
as head of the Judiciary or agama court. In brief, the then political
institution of the Sultanates of Maguindanao and Sulu was Islamic.
C. The arrival of Christianity imposed by the Spaniards
On September
20, 1519 Ferdinand Magellan commissioned by King Charles I of Spain leading an
expedition of 250 men in five ships looking for the “Spice Island”. On March
31, 1521, they disembarked at the islet of Limasawa south of leyte, and there
Magellan celebrated the first Catholic mass in the Philippines. From here the
conquest or conversion of Christianity of the various island was effected,
except the Mactan islan under Rajah Lapulapu who chose fire and blood to abject
submission. In the famous Battle of Mactan on April 21, 1521 the Spaniards,
despite superiority of their weapon were utterly routed. With his own hand,
Raja Lapulapu slew Magellan. After the debacle of Mactan, Charles I sent three
more expeditions in 1525, 1526, and 1527 but all ended in dismal failure. In
1542, Charles I fitted an expedition under the command of Ruy de Villaobos with
the specific order to establish permanent settlement in the Philippines.
Villalobos in the company of four Augustinian priests disembarked on Sarangani
south of Mindanao. Because of the stiff hostility of the Moros the Spaniards
hurriedly left. On their way home, Bernardo de laTorre, one of the crew, while
passing by the islands of Samar-Leyte, gave to these islands the name Filipinas
in honour of Philip, the then Spanish crown prince. The name was later applied
to the entire archipelago and was Anglisized by the Americans to its present
from Philippines. In 1556 Philip II ascended the throne and made it an official
policy to colonize the Philippines. On April 27, 1565 the Spaniards under the
command of Miguel Lopezde L to colonize the Philippines. On April 27, 1565 the
Spaniards under the command of Miguel Lopezde Ligazpi landed in Panay and from there
wrested the Visayan island, one after the other. After securing these areas,
Ligazpi sent Captain Martin de Goiti to Lozun.
Commanding the
Spanish troops was Captain Martin de Goiti, while Rajah Sulaiman was leading
the native defenders. True to his words, reminiscent of the Islamic slogan
“Victory or Martyrdom” Rajah Sulaiman prepared martyrdom than to submit to the
Spaniards. At the Battle of Tondo shore, on June 3, 1571 Rajah Sulaiman
perished. After the fall of Manila the Spaniards then became the new master
over Luzon and Visayas.
In the year
1578 the Spaniards focused their eyes to Mindanao and Sulu. General Francisco
de Sande instructed Captain Rodrigues de Figueroa the siege of Sulu in June
1578 and Mindanao in April 1596. This marked the virtual declaration of war by
Spain against the Moro of Mindanao and Sulu which was to drag on and remain
undecided for more than three hundred years. Series of bloody encounters took
place in this period. The Christianized natives of Luzon and Visayas were used
by the Spaniards to fight against the Moros. The created a deep feeling of
animostyfeeling of animosity between the Endioity between the Endios now the
Filipimnow the Filipino people in one hand, and the Bangsamoro people in the
other hand. Sultan Buddiman Pangiran of Sulu and the reigning Sultans after him
and Sultan Dipatuan Muhammad Qudrat of Mindanao and his successors after him
were the heroes of such Jihad in keeping the World of Allah Supreme, until the
Spaniards were ejected from the Philippines by the Americans in 1898.
Despite the
more than three hundred years of Spanish invasion of the Philippines, the Moros
of Mindanao and Sulu remained intact in defending their faith and never subdued
to the enemy. This is substantiated by the fact of their survival as Muslims
(the Bangsamoro) distinct from the Christianized Filipinos of Luzon and
Visayas.
Source : abuhilmie
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